istanbul convention https://en.ordoiuris.pl/istanbul-convention pl There is no international consensus against the Istanbul Convention. Ordo Iuris memorandum for MPs https://en.ordoiuris.pl/family-and-marriage/there-no-international-consensus-against-istanbul-convention-ordo-iuris <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> There is no international consensus against the Istanbul Convention. Ordo Iuris memorandum for MPs <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>pt., 02/09/2024 - 15:22</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>- The first reading of the civic bill "Yes to family, no to gender" is underway in the Sejm.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>- This bill concerns consent to the denunciation of the Istanbul Convention and the creation of a Team for the development of the principles of the International Convention on the Rights of the Family</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>- Since Poland ratified the Convention, this international document has been rejected by a number of countries - including the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Israel and Hungary.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>- Doubts about the ratification of the Convention concern its ineffectiveness in the area of combating violence, as well as the violation of the principle of the state's worldview impartiality or the imposition of controversial curricular assumptions on education programs at every level.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>- The Convention is also accused of fostering illegal migration or introducing wording that contradicts constitutional terminology (changing the meaning of the terms "woman" and "man").</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>- In some of the countries that have rejected the Convention (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovakia), opposition to it has emerged from all sides of the political scene, including from left-wing circles.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>- The Ordo Iuris Institute has prepared an analysis describing how the Convention was rejected by selected countries.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>- The analysis was handed over to Polish MPs.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify">The stated goal of the Istanbul Convention is to combat domestic violence and violence against women. However, the document is based on the ideological assumptions of gender theory, which assumes that femininity and masculinity are cultural creations that reinforce systemically unequal power relations. The convention sees the sources of violence as systemic social tensions, supposedly stemming from culturally imposed and reinforced gender roles. In doing so, the act ignores phenomena scientifically described as the real causes of violence, such as alcoholism, drug addiction and pornography.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">In Poland, accession to the Convention has raised numerous voices of doubt. In 2020, Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki submitted a request to the Constitutional Court to examine the constitutionality of the Convention's provisions. The request was withdrawn by Prime Minister Donald Tusk in January this year.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">Criticism of the Convention's assumptions is also present in international forums. In recent years, several countries have refused to ratify the document or have denounced it. In some of them (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovakia), opposition to the Convention has emerged from all sides of the political scene, including from circles describing themselves as left-wing.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">An example of a country that has rejected the Istanbul Convention is Bulgaria. In July 2018, the Constitutional Court there ruled that the document is incompatible with the country's constitution. The Court pointed out that the Convention's current "framing of 'gender' as a social construct leads to relativization of the category of biological sex. However, if society loses the ability to distinguish between women and men, combating violence against women remains only a formal but unenforceable obligation." The judgment also stressed that the Convention contradicts the constitutional principle of the rule of law by introducing two mutually exclusive definitions of gender. The Court reiterated its position three years later, pointing out in October 2021 that it was impermissible to reinterpret the concept of gender "in a direction which, in the opinion of science, is not unambiguous and irrefutable, and to which there is no public consensus."</p> <p class="text-align-justify">In 2020. The convention was rejected by an overwhelming majority by Slovakia's National Council. During the debate on the issue, Social Democratic Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico announced his opposition to the agreement. Opponents of the Convention pointed out, among other things, that the document is incompatible with the Slovak constitution insofar as it defines marriage and that it introduces a misunderstanding of the term "sex." In Hungary, on the other hand, in 2020. The National Assembly adopted a declaration calling on the government not to ratify the Istanbul Convention. Parliamentarians pointed out that Hungarian law already protects women's rights and disagreed with the introduction of the term "gender" into the legal order.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">In January of this year, the Convention was rejected by the Czech Senate. A majority of representatives of the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) and part of the liberal TOP 09 voted against ratification. During the debate, the senators pointed out, among other things, that the Convention does not regulate anything that would not already be part of the Czech legal order for protection against violence, and that the document introduces ambiguous concepts such as "gender" into the legal order. In Lithuania, on the other hand, the Convention has been referred to the Constitutional Court by the Seimas to examine its compatibility with the Lithuanian Constitution.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">Israel also refused to join the Convention. There, they pointed mainly to the mass immigration problems that ratification of the document would cause. This is because the Convention's immigration provisions grant political asylum to international victims of domestic violence.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">The Ordo Iuris Institute, in a memorandum handed over to Polish MPs, pointed to the criticism the Istanbul Convention faces internationally. It also pointed out that an alternative to this act is the draft Convention on the Rights of the Family, initiated by social organizations from across Europe, which responds to the problems and threats facing the institution of the family today, and introduces effective instruments to combat domestic violence. The document also emphasizes that it is a strong family that is the space that protects all its members most effectively from violence.</p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2024-02/AdobeStock_594906178_Editorial_Use_Only.jpeg?itok=ezwpEbpB" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/parliament" hreflang="pl">Parliament</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/istanbul-convention" hreflang="pl">istanbul convention</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/gender" hreflang="pl">gender</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/lgbt" hreflang="pl">LGBT</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/family" hreflang="pl">family</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Fri, 09 Feb 2024 14:22:49 +0000 filip.bator 1494 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Czech Senate against the ratification of the Istanbul Gender Convention. Senators read the Ordo Iuris study https://en.ordoiuris.pl/family-and-marriage/czech-senate-against-ratification-istanbul-gender-convention-senators-read-ordo <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Czech Senate against the ratification of the Istanbul Gender Convention. Senators read the Ordo Iuris study <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>wt., 01/30/2024 - 16:43</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>- The Senate of the Czech Republic has rejected a draft resolution to consent to the ratification of the Istanbul Convention, which questions the existence of two genders by introducing the concept of "socio-cultural gender" into the legal order - gender.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>- The Czech portal 'Seznam Zprávy' revealed that, before the final decision was made, the senators read an analysis by the Ordo Iuris Institute, which in 2020 was translated into 17 languages, including the Czech language.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>- Czech senators understand that states can introduce regulations that effectively protect against domestic violence without ratifying an ideological gender convention at the same time.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>- Also in the Polish Sejm as early as 7 February, the reading of a draft to denounce the Istanbul Convention and replace it with the International Convention on the Rights of the Family is to take place.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"> </p> <p class="text-align-justify">"Czech senators, perhaps thanks to Ordo Iuris' analyses, understood that effective protection against domestic violence does not require ratification of the Istanbul Convention. A gender ideology-free alternative, also for Poland, is the International Convention on the Rights of the Family," concludes Advocate Nikodem Bernaciak, senior analyst at the Research and Analysis Centre of the Ordo Iuris Institute.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">The Senate of the Czech Republic rejected the draft resolution to consent to the ratification of the Istanbul Convention. Of the 71 senators present, only 34 supported the proposal - 2 less than the required majority. 28 senators opposed and 9 did not cast a vote. The ratification process of the gender convention was initiated last year by the government, which forwarded the proposal to parliament on 21 June. According to Article 10 of the Czech Constitution, the consent to ratify an international agreement must be given by the entire parliament, thus not only the Chamber of Deputies, but also the Senate. In August, the resolution was debated by a committee of the Chamber of Deputies, which is due to discuss the matter again in February, this time responding to the Senate's veto.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">During the debate on the draft resolution, the Constitutional and Legal Affairs Committee took a position. It was presented by Senator Zdeněk Hraba (ODS). According to the position, the Istanbul Convention "is an ideological document that in practice will not help victims of domestic violence". Senator Adéla Šípová (Piraci), on the other hand, presented the position of the Committee on European Union Affairs, which also opposed ratification, stating that the Convention "does not regulate anything that would not already be part of our criminal legislation in the field of violence against women and domestic violence", but instead "may give rise to significant contradictions in interpretation".</p> <p class="text-align-justify">Senate Vice President Jiří Oberfalzer, in justifying his opposition to the Convention, pointed to the fact that it repeatedly uses the term 'gender' instead of 'sex', thereby blurring gender differences. He also cited the judgment of the Bulgarian Constitutional Court of 27 July 2018, which found the Convention incompatible with the Bulgarian Basic Law for analogous reasons. He stressed that the ideology permeating the Convention makes it clear that "if we do not address our children with indefinite pronouns and multiple names until they are sure of their gender, or if we do not send them to various educational courses on gender identification, we are committing domestic violence and this can be a crime". Senator Jitka Chalánková also cited the example of Slovakia, which by a majority of 95 out of 150 of all MPs rejected a draft resolution to ratify the Convention already four years ago - on 25 February 2020.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">The Czech portal 'Seznam Zprávy' revealed that at least one senator had in his possession an analysis on the Istanbul Convention by the Ordo Iuris Institute for Legal Culture. This refers to the material attached to the international petition 'Stop Gender. Stand for Family" (StopGenderConvention.org), launched on 9 June 2020 and translated into 17 languages - including the Czech language. The organisers of the petition recalled that 'the Convention directly attacks marriage and the family, seeing the differences between men and women as the source of violence' and 'it makes gender ideology the basis of state policy by making the objective biological concept of gender irrelevant and replacing it with an understanding of sexuality as a socio-cultural construct. It mandates the implementation of an ideological gender perspective at all levels of state policy".</p> <p class="text-align-justify">The Ordo Iuris Institute, as an ethical alternative to the ideological gender convention, already proposed a draft International Convention on the Rights of the Family in 2018, which would, on the one hand, guarantee effective protection against domestic violence and, on the other hand, emphasise that a strong family is the space that protects all its members most effectively against violence. The bill in 2020 was submitted to the Sejm, having received the support of 150,000 citizens. In the Tenth Chamber of the Sejm, the draft was given the number of print 25 and is due to be debated in the Sejm on 7 February 2024.</p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2024-02/AdobeStock_204383043%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=BI6Pfyoj" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/family" hreflang="pl">family</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/violence" hreflang="pl">violence</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/istanbul-convention" hreflang="pl">istanbul convention</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/senate" hreflang="pl">senate</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/czech-republic" hreflang="pl">czech republic</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Tue, 30 Jan 2024 15:43:44 +0000 filip.bator 1491 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Istanbul Convention adopted by EU only in part, without provisions promoting gender ideology https://en.ordoiuris.pl/family-and-marriage/istanbul-convention-adopted-eu-only-part-without-provisions-promoting-gender <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Istanbul Convention adopted by EU only in part, without provisions promoting gender ideology <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>pt., 05/12/2023 - 14:55</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· The European Parliament has passed a resolution agreeing to conclude the Istanbul Convention in its entirety for EU institutions and in part for member states.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· The document is controversial due to some provisions promoting gender ideology.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· The EU's accession to the convention would allow EU institutions to impose financial penalties on countries for "inadequate" implementation of its provisions.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>·  Contrary to the reproduced narrative, the European Union has acceded to the Istanbul Convention in a very limited way, excluding provisions promoting gender ideology.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>·  Member states will only be able to be held accountable by the Union for compliance with the convention's provisions on the cases of foreign asylum seekers, deportation and criminal justice cooperation.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>·  The Ordo Iuris Institute has prepared an analysis on the legal implications of recent EU decisions on the Istanbul Convention.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify">The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, signed in Istanbul in 2011. (known as the Istanbul Convention for this reason) is controversial because it was based on so-called gender ideology, which questions the biological differences between men and women, recognizing them as the cause of harmful stereotypes. The act instead promotes the notion of "socio-cultural gender," according to which each person is free to decide whether or not he or she belongs to a certain sex, based solely on his or her subjective beliefs. The Istanbul Convention sees the sources of violence in the differentiation of female and male roles accepted in society. It ignores other pathologies of social life, such as addictions, the breakdown of family ties and the sexualization of images of women and girls in the media. Despite these doubts, 21 EU member states have ratified the convention (including Poland), while six member states have refused to ratify it. Among the latter is Bulgaria, where in 2018. Constitutional Court declared the convention unconstitutional. According to Ordo Iuris, the Istanbul Convention is also incompatible with the Polish Constitution, which the Institute wrote about in a report indicating that Poland should denounce it.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">For several years, the European Union has been systematically working to incorporate the Istanbul Convention into the EU legal order. However, it cannot do so without the consent of all member states. In the face of opposition from a blocking minority of countries, in 2017. The Council of the EU decided to sign some provisions of the Istanbul Convention - for those provisions that fall within the exclusive competence of the European Union.  To be bound by them, therefore, does not require the consent of all member states, but only a majority of them. Consequently, the Council of the EU, on behalf of all states, signed only a few provisions of the Istanbul Convention. Articles 60-61 (concerning the rules for processing foreigners' applications for asylum in a country and the so-called "non-refoulement principle" prohibiting the expulsion of foreigners to countries where they risk death or torture) and the Convention's provisions relating to criminal justice cooperation were signed. In the latter case, the Council did not specify which specific articles it has in mind (but one can guess that it is referring to Articles 62-65, from the chapter entitled "International Cooperation"). The provisions mentioned do not promote gender ideology. The EU acceded to the entire Istanbul Convention only on behalf of its own institutions (the EU official apparatus).</p> <p class="text-align-justify">In early 2023. The EU Council requested the European Parliament's approval to conclude the Istanbul Convention in its entirety with binding effect on its own institutions and public administration, and in part with binding effect on member states. In May, the European Parliament passed a resolution giving its consent to the conclusion of the Convention to the extent indicated. Now the final stage of the procedure will be a Council decision, after which the convention will become part of the EU legal order.</p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2023-05/thumbnail_AdobeStock_594180963_Editorial_Use_Only%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=tZE-xpO7" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/istanbul-convention" hreflang="pl">istanbul convention</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/domestic-violence" hreflang="pl">domestic violence</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/gender" hreflang="pl">gender</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/european-union" hreflang="pl">European Union</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/european-parliament" hreflang="pl">European Parliament</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Fri, 12 May 2023 12:55:13 +0000 filip.bator 1424 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl American- Israeli scientist files his opinion to Constitutional Tribunal in Istanbul Convention case https://en.ordoiuris.pl/family-and-marriage/american-israeli-scientist-files-his-opinion-constitutional-tribunal-istanbul <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> American- Israeli scientist files his opinion to Constitutional Tribunal in Istanbul Convention case <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>czw., 02/02/2023 - 15:46</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b>· Professor Eugene Kontorovich, Israeli lawyer specialized in constitutional and international law sent amici curiae (“friend of the court”) opinion in Istanbul Convention case to Polish Constitutional Tribunal.</b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b>· Legal argumentation presented by professor contributed to denial of the Convention by Israel.</b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b>· In his opinion Professor Kontorovich points that the Convention puts many obligations on state-parties, which execution may be problematic in democratic state of law.</b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b>· Author of the opinion also underlines that many of solutions accepted by the Convention are of ideological nature.</b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:18.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><a href="https://ordoiuris.pl/sites/default/files/inline-files/Istanbul_Convention_brief_0.pdf"><strong>READ THE OPINION</strong></a></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2020 Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki filed a motion to Constitutional Tribunal to examine of compliance of Istanbul Convention with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. Proceeding is ongoing, and its opinion on the case filed also Ordo Iuris Institute, pointing that many of Convention provisions are extremely inconsistent with Polish basic act.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Professor Eugene Kontorovich, an Israeli lawyer, decided to file his opinion on the case to the Constitutional Tribunal. His legal argumentation contributed to denial of the Convention by Israel.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Eugene Kontorovich is a profesor of constitutional and international law. He earned his education at University of Chicago. He was also a lecturer in Northwestern University School of Law, and currently he is giving lecture in Antonin Scalia Law School of George Mason University. Moreover, he is head of international law department in Kohelet Policy Forum, the Israeli biggest think-tank. In his scientific and public activity he speaks about Istanbul Convention for many times.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As we can read in opinion of professor Kantorovich: <i>The Convention is not just a treaty, it is a crusade. As the Council of Europe proudly states, the treaty is “a manifesto, laying down a vision of society in which … gender equality is fully achieved.” Unlike perhaps any other such international agreement, the Istanbul Convention has the express goal of remaking society. The Convention proceeds from a thesis that physical violence against women is not caused by the individual depravity of the perpetrators, but ultimately by distant “root causes.” These root causes include all social attitudes and traditions about the roles of men and women that cast men and women in differential, or “stereotyped” roles.</i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Professor also indicates that Convention is a danger to freedom of speech, can be a cause to rise of clear preferences for leftist NGOs, and also can lead to many other problems which can be tied to extended interpretation by the committee established to monitor its enforcement by state-parties, called GREVIO.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2023-02/AdobeStock_561480361_Editorial_Use_Only.jpeg?itok=rUbV4FDl" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/istanbul-convention" hreflang="pl">istanbul convention</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/gender" hreflang="pl">gender</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/constitutional-court" hreflang="pl">constitutional court</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/family" hreflang="pl">family</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Thu, 02 Feb 2023 14:46:15 +0000 filip.bator 1399 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl World Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women in the European Parliament was marked by the ideological Istanbul Convention https://en.ordoiuris.pl/family-and-marriage/world-day-elimination-violence-against-women-european-parliament-was-marked <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> World Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women in the European Parliament was marked by the ideological Istanbul Convention <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>pon., 11/29/2021 - 16:13</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b>· The European Parliament held a debate on violence against women and the current situation regarding ratification of the gender-based Istanbul Convention.</b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b>· In connection with the resistance of many states to the adoption of the Convention, the European Commission is to present a draft directive as a form of alternative adoption of its provisions.</b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b>· The EU is also seeking to ratify the document as an organisation, which would constitute a forcible imposition of its solutions on states.</b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">‘MEPs and the European Commission are aware that a growing number of countries are distancing themselves from the Istanbul Convention. They see it as a document whose main objective is not to combat and prevent violence but to promote gender ideology. Moreover, this is being done at the expense of the victims of violence, who, as a result of promoting the ineffective or outdated solutions of the Istanbul Convention, are not being helped by modern legal solutions which correctly identify the sources of violence so that they can be effectively counteracted. Instead, the Union seeks to forcefully impose the Istanbul Convention on member states by trying to join it as an international organisation’, comments Anna Kubacka from the Ordo Iuris Centre for International Law. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the debate, a lot of time was devoted to the issue of ratification of the Istanbul Convention by the European Union, which, according to the European Commission and the European Parliament, would be the culmination of the fight for equality and the fight against violence that has been guiding this term of the European Parliament. EU dignitaries are ignoring the fact that numerous states – including EU Member States – question the effectiveness and ideological wording of the Convention, and some of them, like Bulgaria, have refused to apply it on the grounds that it is unconstitutional.  Ratification of the Convention by the EU is supposed to bypass the objections of these countries. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Union has encountered a number of procedural problems in this matter, as pointed out by the Court of Justice of the European Union. As a result, preparations have begun for an alternative form of adoption of the Convention’s provisions, as reported by EU Equality Commissioner Helena Dalli. In early 2022, the EC will present a draft directive aimed at avoiding, preventing and combatting violence against women based on the Istanbul Convention, which would be, as Helena Dalli said, the ‘gold standard’ in this area. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the debate on violence against women and girls, many MEPs rightly stressed the need to effectively combat all forms of violence, be they psychological, physical or virtual. Both in the speech of the representative of the European Commission, Helena Dalli, and in the statements of the MEPs, there was a lack of reference to several specific forms of violence that women currently face, both within and outside of the EU. This was highlighted by Simona Baldassarre (ID), who pointed out that large-scale violence against women involves coercion, both external and economic, which leads women into prostitution or <a href="https://stopsurrogacy.org/pl/"><span style="color:#0563c1">surrogacy</span></a>. Jadwiga Wiśniewska (ECR) also criticised the European Commission and the European Parliament for overlooking or even pretending that such forms of violence as forcing underage girls into marriages with adult men, genital mutilation, and violence on the Internet, especially in the context of pornography, do not exist. These phenomena are by no means uncommon in EU countries today. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The representative of the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, Pina Picierno, expressed an extremely harsh position, even by the standards of the EP debate. In her opinion, ‘women are dying, being murdered by men (...) who do it in the name of the culture of patriarchy’. These words are fully in line with the rhetoric adopted by the EP majority in October this year. At the time, the EP passed a <a href="https://ordoiuris.pl/rodzina-i-malzenstwo/pe-apeluje-o-niestosowanie-domniemania-niewinnosci-wobec-mezczyzn-i-wdrazanie"><span style="color:#0563c1">resolution</span></a> on the impact of the ‘intimate partner’ on women and children and on custody rights, calling for the abolition of the presumption of innocence against men accused of violence (even before any proof has been shown) and calling for their right to custody of their own children to be taken away.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">‘Introducing such measures would be clear systemic discrimination against men solely on the basis of gender. The European Union’s efforts to promote gender equality have long ceased to correspond to women’s real expectations. Voices of women, who e.g. appeal for consideration of the problem of <span style="background:white"><span style="color:#4d5156">“</span></span>work-life balance<span style="background:white"><span style="color:#4d5156">”</span></span> or appreciation of care and educational work done at home, are ignored, while the European Commission and the European Parliament constantly fight for universal access to abortion, despite the fact that abortion is a complete denial of women’s rights and gender equality. For some time now, we have also been observing a tendency to ‘make genders equal’ through attempts to introduce systemic discrimination against men and a de facto anti-equality policy towards them’, adds Anna Kubacka.  </span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2021-12/AdobeStock_144809731.jpeg?itok=pyY5RPLu" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/european-parliament" hreflang="pl">European Parliament</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/european-union" hreflang="pl">European Union</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/istanbul-convention" hreflang="pl">istanbul convention</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/violence" hreflang="pl">violence</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/women" hreflang="pl">women</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Mon, 29 Nov 2021 15:13:43 +0000 filip.bator 1255 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Denunciation of Istanbul Convention necessary for family good. Legislative initiative committee conference https://en.ordoiuris.pl/family-and-marriage/denunciation-istanbul-convention-necessary-family-good-legislative-initiative <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Denunciation of Istanbul Convention necessary for family good. Legislative initiative committee conference <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>pt., 04/30/2021 - 11:20</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The Sejm Foreign Affairs Committee and the Justice and Human Rights Committee have not yet begun works on the citizens’ initiative ‘Yes to Family, No to Gender’. Its aim is to denounce the Istanbul Convention and replace it with the Convention on the Rights of the Family. The initiative was signed by over 150,000 Poles. A conference was held at the Sejm with representatives of the legislative initiative committee, reminding of the need to guarantee full protection of Polish families from violence.</span></strong></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The Istanbul Convention erroneously identifies causes of domestic violence as the natural roles of the sexes. It ignores the actual sources, such as family breakdown, addictions, pornography or sexualisation of a woman’s image in the media and popular culture. According to a study of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, the countries that have adopted the gender-based model of combating violence (e.g. the UK, Sweden and Denmark) report the highest rates of violence.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The Ordo Iuris Institute and the Christian Social Congress, alongside other groups that have expressed their support for the initiative, recommend replacing the ideological document with the Convention on the Rights of the Family. It would protect the family from any excessive interference of the state. It also specifies, among others, the rules of counteracting any form of violence, including domestic violence.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Ordo Iuris experts have also drawn up proposed legal changes in order to offer real support to victims of violence. They include, among others, increased punishment for crimes related to domestic violence. In addition, the lawyers suggest relevant changes in maintenance law and the creation of a network of Anti-Violence Centres.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The 150,000 signatures under the citizens’ initiative ‘Yes to Family, No to Gender’ were submitted to the Sejm in December last year. The first reading took place in March 2021. The MPs decided to submit the initiative to the Foreign Affairs Committee and the Justice and Human Rights Committee.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">“The Istanbul Convention is not about effectively combating domestic violence. Not a single provision of the Convention refers to scientifically proven sources of violence, such as alcohol abuse or family breakdown. Instead, it identifies the sources of violence as the mere social structure and it builds its vision of fighting violence on the gender ideology,” noted Karolina Pawłowska, Director of the International Law Centre.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2021-04/176069354_2801979386721901_7797947806823483386_n.jpeg?itok=k2MkbiAx" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Ordo Iuris</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/istanbul-convention" hreflang="pl">istanbul convention</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/gender" hreflang="pl">gender</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ordo-iuris" hreflang="pl">Ordo Iuris</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/family" hreflang="pl">family</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Fri, 30 Apr 2021 09:20:21 +0000 filip.bator 1200 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Istanbul Convention can be denounced soon. Work on bill to be continued https://en.ordoiuris.pl/life-protection/istanbul-convention-can-be-denounced-soon-work-bill-be-continued <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Istanbul Convention can be denounced soon. Work on bill to be continued <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>śr., 04/14/2021 - 14:20</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b>The Sejm decided to submit the citizens’ bill “Yes to Family, No to Gender” to the Foreign Affairs Committee and the Justice and Human Rights Committee. Earlier, MPs did not agree to a complete rejection of the proposal. The aim of the initiative is to denounce the gender-based Istanbul Convention and replace it with the Convention on the Rights of the Family. The draft law drawn up by the Ordo Iuris Institute and the Christian Social Congress has been signed by 150,000 citizens.</b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The draft aims at actually protecting individuals from domestic violence. The Istanbul Convention erroneously identifies sources of violence as the natural differences between women and men. It disregards study-based causes of this phenomenon, such as addictions, family breakdown or pornography. According to statistics, such countries as the United Kingdom, Denmark or Sweden, which have implemented ideologised solutions, report higher violence rates than Poland. The authors of the citizens’ bill argue that the alternative to the Istanbul Convention should be the international Convention on the Rights of the Family.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On 17 March, the first reading of the bill took place in the Sejm. On behalf of the Committee, Marek Jurek from the Christian Social Congress and Karolina Pawłowska, director of the Ordo Iuris Centre of International Law, spoke from the parliamentary rostrum. On the same day, a press conference was held in the Sejm, with representatives of the Committee announcing proposed solutions to combat violence more efficiently. They include, among others, amendments to criminal and alimony law and changes in the functioning of support centres for victims of violence. This was also the subject of a forum attended by experts, representatives of the administration of the President of RP and local governments, the police and social organisations.</span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2021-04/AdobeStock_214913297.jpeg?itok=BkmFlfbI" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/istanbul-convention" hreflang="pl">istanbul convention</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ordo-iuris" hreflang="pl">Ordo Iuris</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/gender" hreflang="pl">gender</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/family" hreflang="pl">family</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Wed, 14 Apr 2021 12:20:16 +0000 filip.bator 1196 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Yes to the denunciation of the Istanbul Convention. The official collection of signatures has begun https://en.ordoiuris.pl/family-and-marriage/yes-denunciation-istanbul-convention-official-collection-signatures-has-begun <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Yes to the denunciation of the Istanbul Convention. The official collection of signatures has begun <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>śr., 10/14/2020 - 14:38</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>The Marshal of ‘Sejm’ Elżbieta Witek has adopted a notification of the establishment of a Committee of Legislative Initiative “Yes to the family, no to gender ideology”. Its purpose is to denounce the gender-focused Istanbul Convention by Poland and to begin working on the Convention on the Rights of the Family. The registration of the Committee shall mean the start of the official collection of signatures under the draft law. The Istanbul Convention undermines the rights of families and imposes ideological and ineffective solutions on the countries which have ratified it.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify">The Istanbul Convention is a document which, despite the expiry of five years from its adoption, still raises important controversy. It was built on gender ideology, which views femininity and masculinity solely as social constructs, independent of the objective conditions arising from biology, and sees the existence of sexual roles as a source of violence and discrimination. The introduction of this controversial paradigm of combating violence is incompatible with a number of provisions of the Polish Constitution. First of all, the introduction of an ambiguous gender definition is contrary to Article 18, which protects the family, the identity of the marriage and the principle of a democratic rule of law (Article 2). By imposing compulsory education on so-called non-stereotypical gender roles, the Convention is also a violation of the right of parents to raise children in accordance with their own convictions, guaranteed by Article 48 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The Convention also threatens the principles of freedom of conscience (Article 53 of the Constitution) and the protection of the rights of the child (Article 72 of the Constitution).</p> <p class="text-align-justify">Contrary to the official name, the document does not provide effective means of protection against violence. As already mentioned, it wrongly identifies the causes of this phenomenon by looking for them in the existence of gender roles. At the same time, the Convention omits social pathologies such as addiction, family disintegration and sexual image of women in the media. It does not address in any way the problem of pornography, which very often shows women as objects and is also increasingly available to young boys. Research shows that in countries where the introduced methods of combating violence are similar to those adopted in the Istanbul Convention (e.g. Denmark, Sweden), the rate of violence is higher than in Poland. For this moment, 13 countries of the Council of Europe have not adopted the document, m.in. Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria or the United Kingdom. Poland is the only state of the Visegrád Group that has ratified this controversial document.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">The Committee of Legislative Initiative “Yes to the family, no to gender ideology” was initiated by the Institute of Ordo Iuris, the Christian Social Congress and a number of other family-friendly organisations. In addition to the denunciation of the Istanbul Convention, its aim is to begin work on the International Convention on the Rights of the Family. The objective of this document is to protect the rights and autonomy of the family and to introduce effective, knowledge-based solutions to combat violence and assist its victims.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">“We are starting to collect signatures for a citizens’ initiative, which aims to denounce the malfunctioning Istanbul Convention and replace it with an ideologically free and effective science-based solution to the Convention on the Rights of the Family. It is intended to protect the family and its autonomy and to introduce viable and effective anti-violence solutions,” stressed Karolina Pawłowska, Director of the Centre for International Law Ordo Iuris</p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2020-10/121067648_2663501263903048_1636464589101371913_o.jpg?itok=GtZeYDgV" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Ordo Iuris</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ordo-iuris" hreflang="pl">Ordo Iuris</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/istanbul-convention" hreflang="pl">istanbul convention</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/gender" hreflang="pl">gender</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/family" hreflang="pl">family</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Wed, 14 Oct 2020 12:38:54 +0000 filip.bator 1135 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Extreme ideology instead of combating violence - analysis of the Istanbul Convention and GREVIO documents https://en.ordoiuris.pl/family-and-marriage/extreme-ideology-instead-combating-violence-analysis-istanbul-convention-and <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Extreme ideology instead of combating violence - analysis of the Istanbul Convention and GREVIO documents <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>pt., 10/02/2020 - 16:01</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The Istanbul Convention is a document that constantly causes controversy both in Poland and in other European countries. Under the guise of combating violence, it introduces many radical proposals of gender ideology. The documents issued by GREVIO, i.e. the committee that oversees the implementation of the Convention, are similar in nature. They, for example, reduce gender to the rank of a social construct and call for the eradication of culturally established patterns of behaviour.</span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> <b>The Ordo Iuris Institute has prepared an analysis presenting the doctrinal sources of the Istanbul Convention and the documents published by GREVIO.</b></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><a href="http://en.ordoiuris.pl/analysis-doctrinal-and-anthropological-conditions-istanbul-convention-and-selected-grevio-documents"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><b>READ THE ANALYSIS</b></span></span></span></span></a></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The analysis of Ordo Iuris indicates that both the provisions of the Istanbul Convention and the content of the documents issued by GREVIO, are clearly ideological in nature. The Committee has a number of important powers related to overseeing the implementation of the Istanbul Convention and to making recommendations on its implementation by national authorities. In the future, it is possible that the powers of GREVIO will be extended to include the possibility of examining individual cases, as it is the case with a part of other such bodies.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">As the authors of the analysis indicate, GREVIO develops the paradigm of 'gender-motivated violence' introduced by the Convention. The Committee also refers to the concepts of gender ideology that have their origins in Marxism. The concept of gender means that femininity and masculinity are merely social constructs that have been imposed as a result of men's social domination. Thus, assuming a female or a male role is, according to gender theorists, a matter of free choice of an individual.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Gender-motivated violence is to be associated with oppression against women. Its source would be the very fact of adopting the 'female role'. GREVIO in particular stresses the allegedly crucial importance of eradicating culturally established patterns of behaviour that the Convention describes as 'gender stereotypes'. Thus, the Istanbul Convention is intended to be a tool for transforming the existing social structures considered to be 'patriarchal', also known as 'the culture of male domination'. At the same time, GREVIO ignores or marginalises the real sources of violence against women - the abuse of alcohol and psychoactive substances, the breakdown of emotional ties between family members, widespread access to violent pornography or the promotion of violence in popular culture.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The main doubts about the Istanbul Convention are caused primarily by the ideological approach to violence and the related lack of accurate identification of the causes of this phenomenon, which result in the document's ineffectiveness. For these reasons, the Ordo Iuris Institute and the Christian Social Congress, along with a coalition of other social organisations, presented a draft citizens' initiative authorising the Polish government to denounce the Istanbul Convention and start working on an ideology-free Convention on the Rights of the Family. Shortly after announcing the creation of the citizens' initiative committee, Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki asked the Constitutional Tribunal to examine the Convention, claiming that it contradicts the Polish Constitution.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">'What is particularly worrying is that, according to GREVIO, the correct implementation of the provisions of the Convention in national legal systems cannot be achieved unless the principles of gender ideology form its basis, while a "gender neutral" approach to violence, somehow in advance and contrary to the facts, is considered flawed and ineffective. At the same time, GREVIO acknowledges that the Convention is the first document of its kind that addresses the phenomenon of "gender-motivated violence" in a comprehensive and binding manner. Therefore, our analysis shows that GREVIO creatively develops the ideological assumptions of the Istanbul Convention, which is a yet another argument in favour of denouncing this harmful document as soon as possible' - comments attorney Bartosz Zalewski from the Ordo Iuris Legislative Analysis Centre.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2020-10/AdobeStock_232435641.jpeg?itok=GlwzTnwh" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ordo-iuris" hreflang="pl">Ordo Iuris</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/istanbul-convention" hreflang="pl">istanbul convention</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/analysis" hreflang="pl">analysis</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/grevio" hreflang="pl">grevio</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/gender" hreflang="pl">gender</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/family" hreflang="pl">family</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Fri, 02 Oct 2020 14:01:14 +0000 filip.bator 1128 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Analysis of the doctrinal and anthropological conditions of the Istanbul Convention and selected GREVIO documents https://en.ordoiuris.pl/analysis-doctrinal-and-anthropological-conditions-istanbul-convention-and-selected-grevio-documents <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--title--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> Analysis of the doctrinal and anthropological conditions of the Istanbul Convention and selected GREVIO documents <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--title--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--analiza-prawna.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--analiza-prawna.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>pt., 10/02/2020 - 15:56</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--body--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">Main theses of the analysis:</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-left:36.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">1. The Istanbul Convention is a document that approaches the issues of domestic violence and violence against women in a highly ideological manner. This can be seen both in the text of the Convention itself, as well as in the documents issued by the body appointed for the purpose of interpreting its provisions and monitoring its implementation (GREVIO);</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:36.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">2. The Convention is the first to introduce a binding definition of the term <i>gender</i> detached from the biological dimension of a person's sex. This corresponds to the radical demands of representatives of extreme feminism;</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:36.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">3. GREVIO develops the paradigm of <i>gender-based violence</i> introduced by the Convention, in particular by highlighting the supposedly crucial importance of gender stereotypes allegedly underlying gender-based violence;</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:36.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">4. The Committee refers to the terms of the <i>gender</i> theory, perceiving the Istanbul Convention as a tool to transform existing social structures, which are considered 'patriarchal'. At the same time, GREVIO ignores or marginalises the actual sources of violence against women. Eradication of violence entails the elimination of culturally established patterns of male and female behaviour;</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:36.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">5. What is particularly worrying is that, according to GREVIO, the correct implementation of the provisions of the Convention in national legal systems cannot be achieved unless the principles of <i>gender</i> ideology form its basis, while a 'gender neutral' approach to violence, somehow in advance (i.e. on the basis of <i>strictly</i> ideological premises) is considered flawed and ineffective;</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:36.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">6. At the same time, GREVIO acknowledges that the Convention is the first document of its kind that addresses the phenomenon of 'gender-motivated violence' in a comprehensive and binding manner.</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">1. Introductory remarks</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">The purpose of this paper is to provide a concise characterisation of the doctrinal and anthropological conditions which have shaped the provisions of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, opened for signature in Istanbul on 11 May 2011 (hereinafter referred to as Istanbul Convention or the Convention)</span></span><a name="_ftnref1" id="_ftnref1"></a><a href="#_ftn1"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[1]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">, as well as the analysis of selected documents drawn up by the group of experts on combating violence against women and domestic violence established on the Convention's basis (<b>GREVIO</b>). Grevio's main task is to monitor the implementation of the Convention by the signatory states (Article 66(1) of the Convention). In addition, GREVIO has the power to make general recommendations on the implementation of the Istanbul Convention (Article 69 of the Convention). All documents issued by this committee are non-binding, i.e. they are included in the sphere of the so-called <i>soft-law</i>.<i> </i>Nevertheless, they have political significance, as they can be used as a tool to pressure the signatory states of the Convention to adopt certain statutory provisions. Moreover, it can be assumed that in the near future the powers of GREVIO will be extended to include the power to examine individual cases, as it is the case with certain bodies operating within the UN human rights system, such as, in particular, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)</span></span><a name="_ftnref2" id="_ftnref2"></a><a href="#_ftn2"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[2]</span></span></span></sup></a>.<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"> The analysis made clearly demonstrates that the Istanbul Convention is a document based on ideological assumptions and cannot be applied in isolation to the vision of reality adopted by the authors of the Convention and the members of GREVIO.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">For these reasons, the Istanbul Convention is a document that has been highly controversial from the very beginning, both in Poland and in other European countries. Even before its ratification, the Ordo Iuris Institute prepared a report which stated that the Convention contradicts the Polish Constitution and raised a number of allegations concerning the ideological nature of a number of its provisions and erroneous assumptions that were the supposed cause of domestic violence</span></span><a name="_ftnref3" id="_ftnref3"></a><a href="#_ftn3"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[3]</span></span></span></sup></a>.<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"> An even greater opposition to the ideologised provisions of the Convention can be seen in other Central European countries. By Judgment No 13 of 27 July 2018 The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Bulgaria has declared that the Convention contradicts the Constitution of Bulgaria due to the expressions used in Article 3(c), Article 12(1) and Article 14(1) of the Convention, namely 'socially structured gender roles', 'stereotypical gender roles', 'socio-cultural gender' (<i>gender</i>) as objective elements of the concept of sex, in particular in the context of the risk of legal sanctioning of the concept of 'third gender' and the creation of the possibility for same-sex marriages. On 25 February 2020, National Council of the Slovak Republic (the Slovak Parliament) did not give its consent to the ratification of the Convention during an extraordinary session. The Convention was rejected by a vast majority, as 96 out of 150 Members of the National Council voted against its ratification. The Hungarian Parliament also adopted a declaration opposing the Convention.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">2. Doctrinal and anthropological conditions of <i>gender</i> ideology</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">2.1. Sources of <i>gender</i> ideology</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">The assumptions of the theory of <i>gender</i> are based on classical Marxist concepts, primarily at the historiosophical level. Here, we should indicate the concept of historical materialism and dialectics, the latter of which assumes the absence of permanent and unchanging phenomena in which the disappearance of some forms is combined with the constant emergence of new ones, which is the result of a kind of abrasion of opposing tendencies</span></span><a name="_ftnref4" id="_ftnref4"></a><a href="#_ftn4"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[4]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. Transferring this assumption to the reflection on historical processes, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels concluded that history is a sequence of events determined by the conflict between the oppressed and the oppressors, the property of which is the progressive emancipation of the oppressed, which constitutes the essence of progress. In other words<b>, according to the creators of Marxism, conflict is inscribed in the very nature of historical phenomena and determines the development of social life</b></span></span><a name="_ftnref5" id="_ftnref5"></a><a href="#_ftn5"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[5]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. Such a concept is based on the belief that social relations are based on antagonisms, not on a specific order. Therefore, Marxism does not speak of the harmonious and evolutionary development of society with respect for the institutions and traditions that have been formed over the centuries. To quote Leszek Kołakowski, in the mind of Marx himself, there was 'an interpretation of the revolution as an act which is not rape of history, but a fulfilment of its inherent tendency' [6]</span></span><a name="_ftnref6" id="_ftnref6"></a><a href="#_ftn6"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[6]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. According to the Marxists, all the existing ethical, moral, legal and religious norms - referred to as the 'superstructure' - serve to petrify existing socio-economic relations, known in Marxist literature as the 'base'</span></span><a name="_ftnref7" id="_ftnref7"></a><a href="#_ftn7"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[7]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. In this way, the duty (normative) and cultural sphere is objectified. The Marxists reduce this sphere to a conglomerate of mechanisms that safeguard certain interests. At the same time, a particular historiosophical vision gave Marx's theories a semblance of scientificity, which enabled the rejection of socialisms, considered utopian, and the presentation of his own concept as the only one that is right and likely to succeed</span></span><a name="_ftnref8" id="_ftnref8"></a><a href="#_ftn8"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[8]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">Although, in classical Marxism, the main axis of social conflict was the dispute between the 'bourgeoisie' and the combined forces of the 'proletariat' and the 'working masses', <b>the 'oppressive' role of the family</b>, which was to be based on patriarchal patterns, was already pointed out</span></span><a name="_ftnref9" id="_ftnref9"></a><a href="#_ftn9"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[9]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. According to Marx and Engels, the family brings together similar antagonisms and conflicts of interest that can be observed throughout society. <b>The social roles of women and men include 'division of labour' and thus take on a conventional character, becoming the 'superstructure' justifying male supremacy and, consequently, men's privileged social position.</b> Only in the long term this privileged position is determined by the ownership of the 'means of production', ownership relations and the economic exploitation by the possessing classes. It should be added that, in Marx's work, it is the 'division of labour' that is the primary source of all social conflicts, because it generates inequality and private property and contributes to the creation of the conflict between the individual and collective interests</span></span><a name="_ftnref10" id="_ftnref10"></a><a href="#_ftn10"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[10]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">Marxist theses, supplemented by arguments deceitfully presented in a slightly more sublime, philosophical, sociological and psychoanalytic manner, were upheld by representatives of the Frankfurt School. They undertook extensive studies on the family, taking into account, first of all, its educational function – there they found the greatest danger. Research aimed at revealing<b> the links between the 'authoritarian' educational model and Fascism and Nazism </b>were undertaken in the inter-war period, resulting in the publication of the study entitled<i> Study über Autorität und Familie</i>, whose main authors were Max Horkheimer and Erich Fromm</span></span><a name="_ftnref11" id="_ftnref11"></a><a href="#_ftn11"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[11]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">In the works of the Frankfurt School representatives, the links between systematic participation in formalised forms of religious worship and 'ethnocentrism'</span></span><a name="_ftnref12" id="_ftnref12"></a><a href="#_ftn12"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[12]</span></span></span></sup></a> were emphasised.<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"> In other words<b>, 'ethnocentric' attitudes are caused by such factors as a religious family, especially one in which both the father and the mother are of the same religion</b></span></span><a name="_ftnref13" id="_ftnref13"></a><a href="#_ftn13"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[13]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. As the Frankfurt School representatives argued, the hierarchical relationship between a parent and a child affects the child's future human interactions, religion, as well as philosophical, social and political beliefs, Moreover, it 'may develop into a power-oriented and exploitative attitude towards a sexual partner'</span></span><a name="_ftnref14" id="_ftnref14"></a><a href="#_ftn14"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[14]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. They continued by stating: 'Integral dramatisation extends from the parent-child dichotomy to the dichotomy of gender roles and moral values, as well as to the dichotomous treatment of social relationships, manifested especially in the creation of stereotypes and divisions within and outside [social] groups. Attachment to convention, austerity, repressive denial and the resulting breakthrough of one's own weakness, fear and dependence are just other aspects of the same fundamental personality pattern that can be observed in personal life, as well as in religious and social attitudes'</span></span><a name="_ftnref15" id="_ftnref15"></a><a href="#_ftn15"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[15]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">In the views of the Frankfurt School, we can see not only a clear continuation of the thoughts of Marx and Engels, but also its development in terms of the 'negative' influence of the family on the process of forming socio-political beliefs of next generations. The family is no longer just a place of oppression, conditioned by the economic superiority of men. It becomes a source of 'stereotypes' by confirming the dualistic division of gender roles (in this context, instead of <i>gender</i>, the term <i>sex</i> was still used), which is intended to influence the formation of 'authoritarian' and 'ethnocentric' attitudes (or related anti-Semitic and fascist views) in young people. The religious involvement of parents only reinforces these tendencies. In the views of the representatives of the Frankfurt School, the family is an obstacle to the full emancipation of man.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">The <i>gender</i> theory adopted the perception of the family as a place of oppression from the ideology that forms its basis – i.e. radical feminism, especially from its 'Second- and Third Wave'. The representatives of this intellectual trend focused mostly on issues related to gender, gender roles and their perception. Although Simone de Beauvoir</span></span><a name="_ftnref16" id="_ftnref16"></a><a href="#_ftn16"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[16]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">, a prominent representative of the so-called second wave feminism, criticised the description of the social situation of women in terms specific to the Marxist nomenclature ('proletariat' - 'bourgeoisie'), she considered Frederick Engels' views on the origins of the family as a form of progress in addressing the situation of women in society</span></span><a name="_ftnref17" id="_ftnref17"></a><a href="#_ftn17"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[17]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. Her criticism of Engels concerned mostly the superficiality in his analysis of phenomena, which de Beauvoir considered to be an aftermath of the weakness of the methodological assumptions of historical materialism and of assigning exaggerated importance to ownership relations</span></span><a name="_ftnref18" id="_ftnref18"></a><a href="#_ftn18"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[18]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. She approved of the passage of the Resolution of the Comintern of 16 November 1942, which pointed out that the destruction of the family was a <i>prerequisite</i> for the success of the revolution and stressed the importance of the depreciation of marriage and access to abortion, as factors purported to improve the social situation of women</span></span><a name="_ftnref19" id="_ftnref19"></a><a href="#_ftn19"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[19]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. Therefore, Simone de Beauvoir's works show that she <b>upheld the Marxist theses about the family as a place of oppression of women that does not allow them to fully emancipate, or at least participate in public life in some form</b>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">Marxist historical materialism was also at the basis of the diagnosis of the situation of women and the demands of another prominent feminist – Shulamith Firestone, who, following Marx and Engels, pointed to gender duality as a historical foundation and a kind of a standard of class divisions. Claiming that there is a common core of Sigmund Freud's theories and feminism, Firestone wrote that they were 'reaction to the most philistine period in the history of Western civilization, the Victorian era, characterised by family-centredness and thus by its sublime oppression and sexual repression'</span></span><a name="_ftnref20" id="_ftnref20"></a><a href="#_ftn20"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[20]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. <b>According to Firestone, motherhood and the upbringing of children are the root causes of the oppression that women experience</b></span></span><a name="_ftnref21" id="_ftnref21"></a><a href="#_ftn21"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[21]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. In this context, she considered the role of the family, stressing that 'in every society there was some form of <i>biological</i> family and thus there always were varying degrees of oppression towards women and children' (the designation comes from the author)</span></span><a name="_ftnref22" id="_ftnref22"></a><a href="#_ftn22"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[22]</span></span></span></sup></a>.<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"> At the same time, we can observe pure negationism in Firestone' feminism. Moreover, her revolutionary demands are not accompanied by any deeper reflection on the consequences of change and on the vision of post-revolutionary reality</span></span><a name="_ftnref23" id="_ftnref23"></a><a href="#_ftn23"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[23]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. As indicated in the subject literature, the gender ideology emerges precisely from these circles of postmodern feminism</span></span><a name="_ftnref24" id="_ftnref24"></a><a href="#_ftn24"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[24]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. In other words, for radical feminists, it is no longer the relationship of production, but of reproduction that has become the axis of the eternal conflict that has allegedly plagued humanity since the dawn of time.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">2.2. Assumptions of the <i>gender</i> ideology</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">The term <i>gender</i> – translated into Polish in a way that does not fully reflect its essence as 'socio-cultural sex' or 'cultural sex' – first appeared in the works of the American psychologist and sexologist John Money (1921-2006). It is intended to identify a situation in which a person's gender self-identification does not coincide with his or her biological identity</span></span><a name="_ftnref25" id="_ftnref25"></a><a href="#_ftn25"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[25]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. It has been used mainly in works in the field of psychiatry, psychology and sexology, especially among researchers influenced by the theories of Sigmund Freud</span></span><a name="_ftnref26" id="_ftnref26"></a><a href="#_ftn26"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[26]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">The feminist philosopher Judith Butler is now considered the most important theorist of the <i>gender</i> ideology. It was Butler who established the term <i>gender</i> by analysing the 'subject of feminism' in her famous book <i>Gender Trouble</i> (published in Polish under the title <i>Uwikłani w płeć. </i></span></span><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Feminizm i polityka tożsamości, </span></span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">by Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej, a Polish publishing house). </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">According to Butler, '… in hegemonic language, sex appears as a substance, as an entity identical to itself, to use a dictionary of metaphysics here. This sham is obtained thanks to a performative linguistic and/or discursive manipulation which manages to conceal that it is fundamentally impossible to "be" a sex, whether biological or cultural'</span></span><a name="_ftnref27" id="_ftnref27"></a><a href="#_ftn27"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[27]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. As Butler continues,<b> binary sex-ratio is artificial (conventional)</b></span></span><a name="_ftnref28" id="_ftnref28"></a><a href="#_ftn28"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[28]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. The author explains that: 'the distinction between biological and cultural sex taken to its logical extreme indicates a radical discontinuity between bodies with a specific biological sex and the constructed cultural sex. If we assume for the time being that binary biological sex is stable, it does not follow that constructs such as "men" are merely an addition to biologically male bodies or that "women" are interpretations of only female bodies. Besides, even if it seems that biological sexes are undoubtedly characterised by binary due to their morphology and structure (which we will consider later), there is no reason to believe that there are only two cultural sexes'</span></span><a name="_ftnref29" id="_ftnref29"></a><a href="#_ftn29"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[29]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">By introducing the concept of <b><i>'gender performativity',</i></b> Butler and other supporters of gender ideology take the position that <i>gender</i> is a socio-cultural construct, and biological conditions are only a semblance of reality. Of course, limiting the concept of performativity to the sphere of a person's sex would be erroneous - <b>the whole concept of <i>gender</i> is rather the culmination of a certain process in which a human is (at least seemingly) a fully sovereign being that is able to decide on his/her own ontological status, as well as on other spheres of reality.</b> The best example is the extreme relativisation of morality, which was also an 'obstacle' to human emancipation.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">Currently, it is indicated that there are many different identities described within the category of <i>gender</i> - only as an example, one can point to <b><i>cisgender</i></b> (the subjects identify with the gender determined at birth), <b><i>transgender</i></b> (the subjects do not identify with the gender determined at birth), <b><i>genderfluid</i></b> (the subjects identify sequentially with different genders), <b><i>agender</i></b> (the subjects do not identify with any gender), <b><i>bigender</i></b> (the subjects identify with two genders at the same time), <b><i>polygender</i></b> (the subjects identify with many different genders at the same time), <b><i>gender apathetic</i></b> (subjects are not interested in the issue of the gender they identify with), <b><i>demigender</i></b> (subjects identify partially with a given gender, and partially considered themselves as not gender-defined)</span></span><a name="_ftnref30" id="_ftnref30"></a><a href="#_ftn30"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[30]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">Certainly, genderism belongs to the broader category of neo-Marxist ideologies. From the philosophical point of view, this ideology is classified as one of the postmodern concepts</span></span><a name="_ftnref31" id="_ftnref31"></a><a href="#_ftn31"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[31]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. Radical relativism, allowing for self-definition within the concept of <i>gender</i>, which is increasingly replacing the concept of sex , in practice leads to numerous degenerations and <b>actual discrimination against women</b>, the most obvious and publicly visible example of which is forcing women to compete with men identifying as women (sometimes after hormone therapy) in various sports</span></span><a name="_ftnref32" id="_ftnref32"></a><a href="#_ftn32"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[32]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">3. The ideology of <i>gender</i> in the light of the Istanbul Convention and GREVIO documents</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">3.1. The concept of <i>gender</i> in public international law</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">From the very beginning, the main vehicle for changing the language used by international institutions were non-binding acts of international law - declarations and action plans adopted at international conferences organised by the United Nations. The term <i>gender</i> first appeared without much publicity at the Third World Conference on Women's Rights in Nairobi in 1985. In the final document of the Conference, called <i>Forward Looking Strategies</i></span></span><a name="_ftnref33" id="_ftnref33"></a><a href="#_ftn33"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[33]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">, the concept of <i>gender</i> is repeatedly used, although the classic concept of sex is still used in parallel. However, the main theses of this radical document were: the assumption about the structural nature of discrimination against women and the assumption that physiological (biological) differences between women and men should not justify the existence of different roles for men and women. The end of the 1980s was a specific and breakthrough time in modern history - this is probably why the concepts presented by feminist organisations at the Nairobi Conference received little attention and did not gain much publicity. However, a few years later, during the Fourth World Conference on Women's Rights in Beijing (1995), these demands became the subject of numerous controversies and international opposition. Due to such a reaction to the demands, and under pressure from a large group of UN Member States, the President of the Conference made it clear that 'the word <i>gender</i> has been used in its universal, comprehensible and generally acceptable meaning'</span></span><a name="_ftnref34" id="_ftnref34"></a><a href="#_ftn34"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[34]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. <b>Despite this, in the final Conference document, the term <i>gender</i> was used 233 times</b></span></span><a name="_ftnref35" id="_ftnref35"></a><a href="#_ftn35"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[35]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. However, it should be acknowledged that the term <i>'gender'</i> was supposed to refer to 'a woman' and 'a man', which is its commonly accepted use. The above statement also underlines that 'it was not intended to give a new meaning to this term, which would be different from the commonly accepted one'</span></span><a name="_ftnref36" id="_ftnref36"></a><a href="#_ftn36"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[36]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">Prior to the ratification of the Istanbul Convention, the only definition of the term <i>gender</i> that was binding on Poland was contained in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</span></span><a name="_ftnref37" id="_ftnref37"></a><a href="#_ftn37"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[37]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. Article 7 (3) of the Statute states that the term <i>gender</i> refers to the male and female sex while taking into account the social context. This wording 'does not impose any different understanding of the term <i>gender</i> from that indicated above'. In this context, <b>the definition in Article 3(c) of the Istanbul Convention constitutes a significant <i>novelty</i>.</b> The authors of the Convention, in § 43 of the explanatory report, made it clear that the construct <i>gender</i>, as defined in Article 3(c) is not understood as a term which may replace the terms 'woman' and 'man'</span></span><a name="_ftnref38" id="_ftnref38"></a><a href="#_ftn38"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[38]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. This underlines the need to interpret this concept in the light of the ideological principles referred to in the preamble to the Convention and Article 3(c) thereof. Apart from the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, there is no binding and accepted by most states act of international law that would introduce the category of <i>gender</i> into the applicable law. Attempts to introduce it through the back door e.g. into EU policy (strategies adopted by the European Commission for equality between women and men</span></span><a name="_ftnref39" id="_ftnref39"></a><a href="#_ftn39"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[39]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">) are constantly renewed – but they are not based on treaty law, which puts into question the Commission's ability to undertake them.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">3.2. The concept of <i>gender</i> in the Istanbul Convention and GREVIO documents</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">The definition of the term <i>gender</i><b> </b>in Article 3(c) of the Istanbul Convention<b> fully corresponds to the views expressed by the representatives of extreme feminism</b><i>,</i> for example by Judith Butler, who was quoted in the previous part of the text. This means that a given <i>gender</i>- socially structured roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a society considers appropriate for women or men - can be adopted by both a man and a woman, which in principle <b>makes it impossible to unequivocally identify potential beneficiaries of the Convention's provisions.</b> It should be assumed that it protects all the people, who assume socially constructed roles, behaviours, actions and attributes that society considers appropriate for women, regardless of their gender.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">GREVIO documents indicate that gender roles are responsible for creating a 'culture' of male domination. <b>The existence of these roles is considered to be the reason for fewer privileges for women and for accepting violence against women</b></span></span><a name="_ftnref40" id="_ftnref40"></a><a href="#_ftn40"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[40]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. Referring to the conventional definition of the term <i>gender</i>, GREVIO also emphasises <b>that since gender roles are social constructs, they are not biologically determined</b></span></span><a name="_ftnref41" id="_ftnref41"></a><a href="#_ftn41"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[41]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. The Committee stresses that domestic violence does not operate in a vacuum and is embedded in the 'cultural values of society' which are supposedly intended to condition tolerance against violence</span></span><a name="_ftnref42" id="_ftnref42"></a><a href="#_ftn42"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[42]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. Interestingly, <b>GREVIO completely ignores the fact that there are traditionally well-established cultural patterns that contribute to improving the situation of women, have a positive impact on their sense of security and express public disapproval of violence against women or against the physically vulnerable in general</b>. GREVIO's anthropological-cultural analysis is therefore highly selective and clearly motivated by ideology.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">The constant reiteration of the thesis<b> of 'patriarchal society'</b> is repeated in GREVIO documents many times, but is not supported by any attempt at a reliable sociological or historical analysis</span></span><a name="_ftnref43" id="_ftnref43"></a><a href="#_ftn43"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[43]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. It seems that GREVIO documents are constructed in such a way as to instil in the recipients the conviction that any traditionally conditioned behaviour is an expression of an unspecified patriarchalism. <b>In fact, this makes it difficult to diagnose those traditions, undoubtedly present in certain cultures or communities, which are actually associated with humiliation or violence against women</b> (such as ritual genital mutilation in some African and Middle Eastern communities, sometimes also practised by radical immigrant groups in Europe)</span></span><a name="_ftnref44" id="_ftnref44"></a><a href="#_ftn44"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[44]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. On the other hand, it is difficult to regard as 'stereotypical' or based on 'patriarchal patterns' manifestations of courtesy towards women that are present, for example, in the Polish culture and customs. GREVIO, however, does not in any way attempt to nuance its statements, and avoids a clear indication of harmful traditions (perhaps fearing accusations of 'racism' and 'stigmatisation' of immigrant groups).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">The constant <b>search for the main sources of violence in 'gender stereotypes' is a logical consequence of the Convention's adoption of the concept of <i>gender-based violence</i></b><i>. </i>The concept of stereotype is understood in a broad sense, <b>as it covers all culturally established patterns of social behaviour of women and men.<i> </i></b>The real causes of domestic violence and violence against women are marginalised, or even completely ignored (the role of drugs and the sexualisation of women's image in the media are both marginalised, while the breakdown of family ties and moral decadence are completely ignored), while the dominant narrative in GREVIO documents is the need to combat 'stereotypes', which have not been specified in the Convention. This, of course, creates opportunities for various overinterpretations. For example, GREVIO documents state that the perpetuation of gender stereotypes is a process through which 'society assigns certain attributes, characteristics or roles to women and men'</span></span><a name="_ftnref45" id="_ftnref45"></a><a href="#_ftn45"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[45]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. According to the documents, apart from education, culture and the influence of the media, the sources of stereotypes include ethnicity, social class and religion</span></span><a name="_ftnref46" id="_ftnref46"></a><a href="#_ftn46"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[46]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">GREVIO clearly defines the objective to be achieved through the implementation of the Convention - to change the behaviour of men and women, boys and girls, which all too often is currently fuelled by prejudice, gender stereotypes (as already, stated defined very broadly by GREVIO) or biased customs and traditions, which contribute to committing or accepting violence against women.</span></span><a name="_ftnref47" id="_ftnref47"></a><a href="#_ftn47"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[47]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. <b>According to GREVIO, the factors leading to violence are placed in the context of a family or peer group structure, where general social norms translate into expected or socially acceptable practices, i.e. historical and cultural gender stereotypes</b> that may exist in families or, for example, in peer groups of adolescents supporting antisocial behaviour or physical and sexual aggression</span></span><a name="_ftnref48" id="_ftnref48"></a><a href="#_ftn48"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[48]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. GREVIO experts point out that eradicating gender stereotypes is crucial in the fight against violence. As they emphasise, <b>a change in 'power dynamics and attitudes' is order to achieve this goal</b></span></span><a name="_ftnref49" id="_ftnref49"></a><a href="#_ftn49"><b><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[49]</span></span></span></sup></b></a><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">The Convention is therefore intended to eradicate the stereotypes not only at an <b>individual</b>, but also at an <b>institutional</b> level, mostly by obliging the parties to the Convention to undertake broadly defined educational, promotional and training activities.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">GREVIO documents criticise the <i>gender-neutral approach</i> to domestic violence.</span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"> The Committee points out<b> that a gender-neutral approach to domestic violence does not recognise it as a social mechanism for keeping women subordinate to men,</b> which goes against the basic principles of the Convention</span></span><a name="_ftnref50" id="_ftnref50"></a><a href="#_ftn50"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[50]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. This has given rise to GREVIO's accusations against the Italian authorities. GREVIO clearly reminded the authorities that the concept of <i>gender</i> cannot be ignored when implementing the provisions of the Convention through changes to the internal legislation of the signatory states. The evaluation report states that <b><i>gender perspective must be integrated in the implementation of the Convention and the evaluation of its impact</i></b></span></span><a name="_ftnref51" id="_ftnref51"></a><a href="#_ftn51"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[51]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. Furthermore, GREVIO reminds about the importance of strengthening the efforts of the authorities to promote and strengthen the gender-based understanding of violence against women as a violation of their human rights and as an act, which disproportionately affects them simply because they are women</span></span><a name="_ftnref52" id="_ftnref52"></a><a href="#_ftn52"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[52]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">GREVIO's experts recognise that the introduction into the Istanbul Convention of the concept of <i>gender</i> , which is also accompanied by the legal definition contained in Article 3(c) thereof, has influenced criticism of the Convention by numerous circles, including 'certain political parties, religious institutions and ultraconservative groups'</span></span><a name="_ftnref53" id="_ftnref53"></a><a href="#_ftn53"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[53]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. As has been emphasised, this is <b>related to the 'general decline' in women's rights, especially 'reproductive rights'</b></span></span><a name="_ftnref54" id="_ftnref54"></a><a href="#_ftn54"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[54]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">. By listing the allegations against the Convention, GREVIO pointed out that <b>the term <i>gender</i> is alien to many legal systems and therefore is incompatible with national standards</b> , that the Convention allows the introduction of the concept of 'third sex' or the reference of the institution of marriage to same-sex couples, that it stands in opposition to 'traditional gender roles' (although, it is not clear how to understood them) which are beneficial to families and public life, as well as to the society as a whole, and therefore that the Convention poses a threat to the institutions of the family and society and that it unjustifiably focuses on women</span></span><a name="_ftnref55" id="_ftnref55"></a><a href="#_ftn55"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[55]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">These allegations have been collectively referred to as 'myths and misunderstandings', stressing that the Convention does not require the introduction of the concept of <i>gender</i> into national legal systems and that the concept is not intended to replace the terms 'women' and 'men'. However, these arguments are at least debatable because, in its documents, GREVIO repeatedly points out the importance of the concept of <i>gender</i> and the perspective of <i>gender</i> for the proper implementation of the Convention, acknowledging this even in the discussed report (see the comments below). It is also clear that the Convention does not require the abandonment of such notions as 'woman' and 'man'. What is important, however, is that these concepts are understood in terms of the <i>gender</i> ideology, and at the same time do not take into consideration the biological conditions. The report's authors point out that the term <i>gender</i> is also intended to emphasise the significance of stereotypes for the phenomenon of violence. It is worth noting, however, <b>that the Convention does not define in any way the concept of 'stereotype', which seems to be crucial for GREVIO. It is vague in nature, which basically does not allow to qualify any established natural or customary cultural pattern as a stereotype.</b> It should also be underlined that by introducing the category of 'reproductive rights' into its reasoning, GREVIO only reinforces the concerns that have been growing around the Convention since its creation. Treating prenatal murder as a 'right' seems even provocative for all those who consider human life to be valuable and worthy of protection from the moment of conception to the moment of natural death.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">4. Summary</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">The analysis of selected documents published by GREVIO points to a highly ideologised approach of this body to violence against women and domestic violence. The Committee develops the paradigm of <i>gender-based violence</i> introduced by the Convention, in particular by highlighting the supposedly crucial importance of gender stereotypes allegedly underlying gender-based violence. The Committee refers to the terms of the<i>gender</i> theory and the broadly understood feminist ideology, perceiving the Istanbul Convention as a tool to transform existing social structures, which are considered 'patriarchal'. At the same time, GREVIO ignores or marginalises the actual sources of violence against women. What is particularly worrying is that, according to GREVIO, the correct implementation of the provisions of the Convention in national legal systems cannot be achieved unless the principles of <i>gender</i> ideology form its basis, while a 'gender neutral' approach to violence, somehow in advance (i.e. on the basis of <i>strictly</i> ideological premises) is considered flawed and ineffective. At the same time, GREVIO acknowledges that the Convention is the first document of its kind that addresses the phenomenon of 'gender-motivated violence' in a comprehensive and binding manner.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">Authors:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">Attorney-at-law Bartosz Zalewski - the Ordo Iuris Legislative Analysis Centre.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">Łukasz Bernaciński - the Ordo Iuris Legislative Analysis Centre</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">Co-operation: Michał Naszkiewicz</span></span></span></span></span></p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--body--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie2--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie2.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie2.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--field-zdjecie2--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--analiza-prawna--field-zdjecie2.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2020-10/AdobeStock_187302074.jpeg?itok=pNtwAdia" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--field-zdjecie2--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--analiza-prawna.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ordo-iuris" hreflang="pl">Ordo Iuris</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/grevio" hreflang="pl">grevio</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/gender" hreflang="pl">gender</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/family" hreflang="pl">family</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/istanbul-convention" hreflang="pl">istanbul convention</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-przypisy--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--field-przypisy.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--field-przypisy.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div><p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> Journal of Laws of 2015, item 961.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn2" id="_ftn2"></a><a href="#_ftnref2"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1">[2]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"> See G. Guney, The Group of Experts under the Istanbul Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence and the ECtHR: Complementary or Contradictory Tools?, "Blog of European Journal of International Law" March 31, 2020 - </span></span><a href="https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-group-of-experts-under-the-istanbul-convention-on-preventing-and-combating-violence-against-women-and-domestic-violence-and-the%20-ecthr-complementary-or-contradictory-tools/"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0563c1"> https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-group-of-experts-under-the-istanbul-convention-on -preventing-and-combating-violence-against-women-and-domestic-violence-and-the-ecthr-complementary-or-contradictory-tools/</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"> (accessed 13 September 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn3" id="_ftn3"></a><a href="#_ftnref3"><sup><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> J. Banasiuk [ed.] <i>et al., Czy Polska powinna ratyfikować Konwencję Rady Europy o zapobieganiu i zwalczaniu przemocy wobec kobiet i przemocy domowej? </i></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">(Polish for 'Should Poland ratify the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence?'), </span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">Ordo Iuris Institute Report, Warsaw 2014 - publication available at the following internet address: </span></span></span><a href="https://ordoiuris.pl/sites/default/files/inline-files/Raport_przemoc_OI_0.pdf"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">https://ordoiuris.pl/sites/default/files/inline-files/Raport_przemoc_OI_0.pdf </span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">(accessed 13 September 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn4" id="_ftn4"></a><a href="#_ftnref4"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> See J. Legowicz, <i>Zarys historii filozofii (Polish for 'Outline of the history of philosophy'),</i> Warsaw 1983, pages 491-492.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn5" id="_ftn5"></a><a href="#_ftnref5"><sup><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></sup></a> <i><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">Ibid.,</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> page 498.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn6" id="_ftn6"></a><a href="#_ftnref6"><sup><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> L. Kołakowski, <i>Główne nurty marksizmu. </i></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">Powstanie – rozwój - rozkład, (Polish for 'Main Currents of Marxism: Its Origins, Growth and Dissolution') </span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">London 1988, page 107.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn7" id="_ftn7"></a><a href="#_ftnref7"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> See <i>ibid.,</i> page 283.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn8" id="_ftn8"></a><a href="#_ftnref8"><sup><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> Cf. R. Scruton, <i>Głupcy, oszuści i podżegacze. </i></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">Myśliciele Nowej Lewicy (original title 'Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left'),</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> translated by F. Filipowski, Poznań 2018, page 17.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn9" id="_ftn9"></a><a href="#_ftnref9"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> As Friedrich Engels pointed out: 'Marx adds to this: “The modern family embodies not only slavery (servitus), but also serfdom, since from the very beginning it has been linked to agricultural benefits. It contains in miniature all the contradictions which later extend throughout society and its state.'<i> </i>- F. Engels, <i>Pochodzenie rodziny, własności prywatnej i państwa. In connection with the Lewis H. Morgan study, </i>[in:] K. Marks, F. Engels, <i>Dzieła wybrane (in English: 'Selected Works') </i>Vol. 3, Warsaw 1982, page 488. Engels continued: 'In an old unprinted manuscript, written by Marx and myself in 1846, I find the following: "The first division of labour is the division of labour between a woman and a man in the act of conception." Today I can add: the first class contradiction in history coincides with the development of antagonism between a woman and a man in single-couple marriage, and the first class oppression coincides with the oppression of the female sex by the male sex. Single-couple marriage was a great step forward in history, but it ushers in, alongside slavery and private property, an epoch that continues to this day in which all progress is also a relative regression, when the prosperity and development of one person are achieved through the suffering and oppression of others. It is a form of a unit of a civilised society, in which we can already study the nature of the opposites and contradictions developing in this society to the fullest extent'- <i>ibid.,</i> page 495.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn10" id="_ftn10"></a><a href="#_ftnref10"><sup><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> L. Kołakowski, <i>op. cit., </i>page 133.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn11" id="_ftn11"></a><a href="#_ftnref11"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> See <i>ibid.,</i>, page 1068.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn12" id="_ftn12"></a><a href="#_ftnref12"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[12]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Studies in Prejudices,</i> [ed.] M. Horkheimer, S.H. Flowerman, Vol. 1, T. Adorno, <i>et al., The Authoritarian Personality,</i> New York 1950, pages 209-213.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn13" id="_ftn13"></a><a href="#_ftnref13"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[13]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.,</i> page 213-215.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn14" id="_ftn14"></a><a href="#_ftnref14"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.,</i> page 971.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn15" id="_ftn15"></a><a href="#_ftnref15"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[15]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn16" id="_ftn16"></a><a href="#_ftnref16"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[16]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> S. de Beauvoir, <i>The Second Sex</i>, translated into English C. Borde, S. Malovany-Chevallier, New York 2010, page 93</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn17" id="_ftn17"></a><a href="#_ftnref17"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[17]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.,</i> page 89.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn18" id="_ftn18"></a><a href="#_ftnref18"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[18]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.,</i> page 89.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn19" id="_ftn19"></a><a href="#_ftnref19"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[19]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> S. de Beauvoir indicated: 'Women's participation in public life has brought about a serious problem: their role in family life. For a long time, means were sought to free women from internal constraints. On 16 November 1942, the Plenary Assembly of the Cominternal declared: "The revolution is powerless as long as there is a concept of family and family relations." The respect of free relationships, the liberalisation of divorce and the legalisation of abortion have given women freedom in relation to men; regulations on maternity leave, childcare centres, kindergartens and the like have reduced the burden of motherhood' - <i>ibid.,</i> page 180 [translation by the author].</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn20" id="_ftn20"></a><a href="#_ftnref20"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[20]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> S. Firestone, <i>The Dialectic of Sex. The Case for Feminist Revolution,</i> New York 1972, page 44 [translation by the author].</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn21" id="_ftn21"></a><a href="#_ftnref21"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[21]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.,</i> page 72.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn22" id="_ftn22"></a><a href="#_ftnref22"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[22]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.,</i> page 73.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn23" id="_ftn23"></a><a href="#_ftnref23"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[23]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> This is characteristic of most neo-Marxist trends. Referring to the achievements of the Frankfurt School, L. Kołakowski pointed out that its strength 'lay in pure negation, and its risky ambiguity in the fact that it did not want to clearly admit it, and often suggested otherwise. It was not so much a continuation of some side of Marxism, but a symptom of its decay and paralysis' - L. Kołakowski,<i> op. cit. </i>page 1103. This author similarly referred to the works of another neo-Marxist, Herbert Marcuse, whom he described as 'the ideologist of obscurantism' - <i>ibid.,</i> page 1123.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn24" id="_ftn24"></a><a href="#_ftnref24"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[24]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> M.J. Filgueiras Toneli, K. Galvão Adrião, J. Perucchi, <i>Gender and Feminism: Theoretical-Epistemological Considerations and Methodological Impacts, </i>'Psicologia &amp; Sociedade' 25 (2013), page 14</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn25" id="_ftn25"></a><a href="#_ftnref25"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[25]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> Z. Pawlak, <i>Filozoficzne aspekty ideologii 'gender',</i> (Polish for 'Philosophical aspects of gender ideology') 'Studia Wrocławskie' 16 (2014), pages 230-231</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn26" id="_ftn26"></a><a href="#_ftnref26"><sup><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[26]</span></span></span></sup></a> <i><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">Ibid.,</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> page 232.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn27" id="_ftn27"></a><a href="#_ftnref27"><sup><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[27]</span></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> J. Butler, <i>Uwikłani w płeć. </i></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">Feminizm i polityka tożsamości, (the Polish title of the book 'Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity')</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> translated by K. Krasuska, Warsaw 2008, page 98.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn28" id="_ftn28"></a><a href="#_ftnref28"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[28]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn29" id="_ftn29"></a><a href="#_ftnref29"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[29]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.,</i> page 72.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn30" id="_ftn30"></a><a href="#_ftnref30"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[30]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> This does not exhaust the list of increasingly sophisticated categories. See, for example: </span></span></span><a href="http://thepbhscloset.weebly.com/a-list-of-genders--sexualities-and-their-definitions.html"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">http://thepbhscloset.weebly.com/a-list-of-genders--sexualities-and-their-definitions.html</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> (accessed 26 July 2020), </span></span></span><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/different-genders"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">https://www.healthline.com/health/different-genders</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> (accessed: 26 July 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn31" id="_ftn31"></a><a href="#_ftnref31"><sup><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="FR"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[31]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="FR"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> Z. Pawlak, <i>op. cit.,</i> pages 234.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn32" id="_ftn32"></a><a href="#_ftnref32"><sup><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="FR"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[32]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="FR"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> G. Górny, <i>Zwycięstwo ideologii gender oznaczać będzie ostateczny koniec sportu kobiecego (Polish for 'The victory of gender ideology will mean the final end of women's sport') </i>- press article available at the following Internet address: <u> https://wpolityce.pl/spoleczenstwo/430883-zwyciestwo-gender- oznaczac-bedzie-koniec-sportu-kobiecego </u>(accessed 24 July 2020). </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">For many, these obvious considerations do not constitute an obstacle to further push for the gender perspective in sports disciplines - see the European Institute for Gender Equality, <i>Gender in Sport,</i> Luxemburg 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn33" id="_ftn33"></a><a href="#_ftnref33"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[33]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> The document is available on the UN website: </span></span></span><a href="https://www.un.org/womenwatch/confer/nfls/"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">https://www.un.org/womenwatch/confer/nfls/ </span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">(accessed 21 August 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn34" id="_ftn34"></a><a href="#_ftnref34"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[34]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women Beijing, 4-15 September 1995, Statement by the President of the Conference on the commonly understood meaning of the term 'gender', 2-3, A/CONF.177/20/Rev.1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn35" id="_ftn35"></a><a href="#_ftnref35"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[35]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> J. Adolphe, <i>„Gender” Wars at the United Nations, </i>„Ave Maria Law Review” 11/1 (2012), page 12.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn36" id="_ftn36"></a><a href="#_ftnref36"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[36]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn37" id="_ftn37"></a><a href="#_ftnref37"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[37]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> Journal of Laws of 2003, No 78, item 708.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn38" id="_ftn38"></a><a href="#_ftnref38"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[38]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"> <i><span style="color:black">Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence,</span></i><span style="color:black"> „Council of Europe Treaty Series” 210, § 43.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn39" id="_ftn39"></a><a href="#_ftnref39"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[39]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> See, for example: <i>Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and Committee of the Regions' A Union of Equality: Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025 ', </i>COM / 2020/152 final - document available at the Internet address:</span></span></span><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0152"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX% 3A52020DC0152</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> (accessed 21 August 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn40" id="_ftn40"></a><a href="#_ftnref40"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[40]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> As GREVIO members point out: <i>Gender roles are responsible for creating a 'culture' of male domination which not only results in women having less privileges and rights in society, but also contributes to making violence against women acceptable - Preventing and combating domestic violence against women. A learning resource for training law-enforcement and justice officers</i>, available at:</span></span></span><a href="https://rm.coe.int/16805970c1"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> https://rm.coe.int/16805970c1</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> (accessed 31 August 2020), page 13.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn41" id="_ftn41"></a><a href="#_ftnref41"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[41]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.</i>: <i>'Gender' is defined in the Istanbul Convention as 'socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for women and men' (Article 3c). Since these roles are socially constructed - meaning that they are not determined biologically - they can change over time and across different cultures.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn42" id="_ftn42"></a><a href="#_ftnref42"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[42]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.,</i> page 9. <i>Domestic violence does not occur in a vacuum. Domestic violence as gender-based violence is embedded in the social and cultural values of society, which provide the breeding ground for tolerance towards this violence. Patriarchal society encourages men to believe that they are entitled to exercise power and control over their partners and/or their children.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn43" id="_ftn43"></a><a href="#_ftnref43"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[43]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid., </i>pages 8-9; <i>Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention) An instrument to promote greater equality between women and men </i>(COE Factsheet), pages 1 and 3 - the document available at: </span></span></span><a href="https://rm.coe.int/ic-instrument-to-promote-gender-equality/16809ece16"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> https://rm.coe.int/ic-instrument-to-promote-gender-equality/16809ece16</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> (accessed 31 August 2020); <i>Preventing Violence Against Women: Article 12 Of the Istanbul Convention. A collection of papers on the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, </i>page 14 - document available at: </span></span></span><a href="https://rm.coe.int/168046e1f0"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">https://rm.coe.int/168046e1f0</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> (accessed 31 August 2020); <i>GREVIO Baseline Evaluation Report Italy</i>, pages 11, 17, 35, 66, 93 and 99 <i>-</i> available at: </span></span></span><a href="https://rm.coe.int/grevio-report-italy-first-baseline-evaluation/168099724e"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> https://rm.coe.int/grevio-report-italy-first-baseline-evaluation/168099724e</span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">(accessed: 31 August 2020); <i>1st General Report on GREVIO's activities covering the period from June 2015 to May 2019</i>, Council of Europe, April 2020, page 36 - available at: </span></span></span><a href="https://rm.coe.int/1st-general-report-on-grevio-s-activities/16809cd382"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">https://rm.coe.int/1st-general-report-on-grevio-s-activities/16809cd382</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> (accessed: 31 August 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn44" id="_ftn44"></a><a href="#_ftnref44"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[44]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> See information available at: </span></span></span><a href="https://www.endfgm.eu/female-genital-mutilation/fgm-in-europe/"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">https://www.endfgm.eu/female-genital-mutilation/fgm-in-europe/</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> (accessed 31 August 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn45" id="_ftn45"></a><a href="#_ftnref45"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[45]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Preventing and combating...,</i> page 13: <i>The process through which society assigns specific attributes, characteristics or roles to women and men is called gender stereotyping</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn46" id="_ftn46"></a><a href="#_ftnref46"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[46]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.: Every day we make assumptions about a person because they are female or male. This is greatly influenced by our education, our culture, and the media, among other things. As a result, what we believe about women and men influences how we act towards them and creates expectations of how both women and men should behave. The fact that we also do this on the basis of other grounds such as ethnicity, religion and class, adds another layer of complexity to stereotyping (...).</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn47" id="_ftn47"></a><a href="#_ftnref47"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[47]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Preventing Violence Against Women</i>…, page 7: <i>The ultimate aim is to change the behaviour of men and women, boys and girls, that is currently all too often influenced by prejudice, gender stereotypes or gender-biased customs and traditions, and that helps to perpetrate or condone violence against women.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn48" id="_ftn48"></a><a href="#_ftnref48"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[48]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.,</i> page 11. <i>Factors leading to violence are placed within the context of the family or peer group structure, where general social norms are translated into expected or socially approved practices, that is, historical and cultural gender stereotypes that may exist either within families or, for example, in adolescent peer groups that support anti-social behaviour and/ or physical and sexual aggression.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn49" id="_ftn49"></a><a href="#_ftnref49"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[49]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>1st General Report…, </i>page 11: <i>As concerns the prevention of violence, the convention expressly links violence against women and domestic violence to harmful gender stereotypes. The measures articulated in the convention are firmly based on the premise that violence against women cannot be eradicated without investing in greater equality between women and men and that, in turn, only real equality between women and men and a change in power dynamics and attitudes can truly prevent violence against women. The convention aims therefore at changing attitudes and eliminating stereotypes not only at the level of individuals but also at the level of institutions, by placing the obligation on states parties to conduct regular awareness-raising campaigns, introduce teaching material at all levels of education, regularly train all professionals in contact with victims, including legal professionals and the police, set up perpetrator programmes , and involve the private sector and the media as partners in tackling violence.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn50" id="_ftn50"></a><a href="#_ftnref50"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[50]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.,</i> page 25. <i>Moreover, the gender-neutral approach fails to recognise domestic violence as a social mechanism that helps keep women in a subordinate position to men, thus countering the convention's fundamental emphasis on the need for a comprehensive, holistic approach and coordinated policies to effectively combat violence against women.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn51" id="_ftn51"></a><a href="#_ftnref51"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[51]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"> <i><span style="color:black">GREVIO Baseline Evaluation Report Italy</span></i><span style="color:black">, page 11. At the same time, the report concludes that the cause of gender equality is resisted in Italy – <i>ibid.,</i> page 10.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn52" id="_ftn52"></a><a href="#_ftnref52"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[52]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.,</i> page 91. <i>GREVIO recalls the importance for the authorities to persist in their efforts to promote and foster a gendered understanding of violence against women as a violation of their human rights and violence which disproportionately affects women because they are women.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn53" id="_ftn53"></a><a href="#_ftnref53"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[53]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> GREVIO, <i>1st General Report…,</i> page 36.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn54" id="_ftn54"></a><a href="#_ftnref54"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[54]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="_ftn55" id="_ftn55"></a><a href="#_ftnref55"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">[55]</span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"> <i>Ibid.: Some of the objections that have been levelled at the convention include that the concept of 'gender' is foreign to many legal systems and is therefore incompatible with domestic legal norms; that the convention attempts to recognise a third gender or to legalise same-sex marriage; that it challenges traditional gender roles that are beneficial for families and public life/society and thus represents a direct threat to the family institution and to society; and that it has an unjustified focus on women.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Fri, 02 Oct 2020 13:56:16 +0000 filip.bator 1127 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl