coronavirus https://en.ordoiuris.pl/coronavirus pl Anti-Pandemic Treaty: developments on the ongoing negotiations within the World Health Organization https://en.ordoiuris.pl/civil-liberties/anti-pandemic-treaty-developments-ongoing-negotiations-within-world-health <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Anti-Pandemic Treaty: developments on the ongoing negotiations within the World Health Organization <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>śr., 06/29/2022 - 10:32</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· The Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB), established to draft and negotiate a WHO international instrument to face future health emergencies, is currently continuing the discussion on the substantial elements of the agreement with relevant stakeholders (i.e. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Clinton Health Access Initiative, International Planned Parenthood Federation, The Rockefeller Foundation) and Member States.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· The contents and objectives of the so-called “anti-pandemic accord” suggested by the States have been published by the INB in the document ‘Draft annotated outline<a name="_Hlk106205779" id="_Hlk106205779">’</a> and make manifest the disproportionated targets followed by the agreement.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· The Member States are discussing on elements such as empowering the WHO competences on regulate travel restrictions and issue binding recommendations or create an international vaccination registry for COVID-19 and all vaccines.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· The aim of establish a global health response to the announced future pandemics is in parallel being pursued by amending the International Health Regulation which already as the scope to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· The INB has scheduled the aim to adopt the instrument by 2024 with a finalization of report to the Seventy-seventh World Health Assembly.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· The Polish Minister of Health has expressed full support to the project of creating a further global and supra-national response in the event of health threats.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify">After the first meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB), held on the 24<sup>th</sup> of February 2022 to define the working method on the so-called anti-pandemic treaty, there have been other appointments where the potential substantive elements of the international instrument have been identified and the relevant stakeholders which can intervene in the discussion have been selected. On the 12<sup>th</sup> of April 2022, a public hearing took place to inform its deliberations in which also Ordo Iuris participated.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">Currently, the negotiations on the so-called anti-pandemic treaty are continuing to carry out the consultations on the content of the accord with the relevant stakeholders selected by the INB and Member States. The next steps will be the identification of the provision of the WHO Constitution under which the instrument should be drafted (July 2022) and regional consultations between regional commissions divided by continents until October 2022, followed by the drafting of the agreement. At the end of these passages, a progress report will be delivered to the 76th World Health Assembly in 2023 with the aim to adopt the instrument by 2024.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">On the side of the intentions set forth in the agreement, the substantial elements of the treaty have been published in the document called ‘Draft annotated outline of a WHO convention’ and cover a wide range of topics firstly aimed at <b>creating a global governance and a national commitment in the public health sector under the principles of equity, sustainability and non-discrimination</b>. This multisectoral coordination, precisely, as can be read in the scopes outlined, should include goals such as the ‘strengthening of the national regulatory authority capacity on licensing medical countermeasures’, ‘the adoption of global and national measures to accelerate emergency approval procedures’, ‘access to quality, agile, and sustainable health services for universal health coverage’ and gender equality ‘in the global and regional decision-making processes’ . Within this framework, moreover, a group of UN experts has already requested Member States to ensure that the new international instrument will be grounded in human rights and <b>centred, in particular, on women, girls and other vulnerable groups and marginalized populations rights to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health without discrimination. </b></p> <p class="text-align-justify">More specifically, dwelling on the key issues that the agreement should address, it can’t be overlooked that the INB has further published the ‘Draft Outlined Consolidated’ which also constitutes a basis for consideration and discussion among the parties and reflects the inputs that Member States have provided to the INB. In this document a long and wide list of items have been identified as targets, including, for example: “Enhanced collaboration between <b>health and finance</b> sectors in support of universal health coverage”; “<b>Empower WHO to review the travel restrictions and issue binding recommendations</b> in this regard”; “The possibility to establish an obligation of a State Party to request assistance when the size of pandemic significantly exceeds the national public health and health delivery systems capacity”; “Full respect for human rights, including <b>non-discrimination</b>”; “<b>International vaccination registry for COVID-19 and all vaccines</b>”.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">In the light of the above, Ordo Iuris Institute asked the Ministry of Health to provide public information about the process in progress within the INB, has confirmed that consultations are currently underway with WHO Member States on key areas that could be included in the future document.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">Ministry of Health's position on the document was included in the speech delivered by Minister Adam Niedzielski to the Second Special Session of the World Health Assembly, held in Nov. 29-Dec. 1, 2021, where the WHO’s conclusions on the topics have been – as he said - ,,defined in line with Poland’s priorities”, manifesting full support to the WHO’s main priorities. In that occasion, indeed, the Minister verbatim stated that: “[…] I’m glad that WHO conclusions are in line with Poland’s priorities. As well as Organization’s main priorities, global health threats should be focused on four dimensions: prevention, preparedness, response and recovery afterwards.  We are aware of that, ready to act and fully support them. Nevertheless, we call upon member states to continue in the future discussions to be constructive, inclusive, consensus-based with a view to strengthening global preparedness. It   is not a document or an instrument that is the goal of this process, but strengthening our preparedness for global health threats to keep everyone safe. Poland is convinced that WHO must be a part of strengthening global preparedness and remain a leader in global health safety. Honourable Director-General, Dear Regional Directors, global solidarity is a key to preventing and fighting current and future global health threats. Transparency, information sharing and a strong leadership are crucial. Regardless of the label we put on the final product – a pandemic treaty, a convention or an agreement – the most important are taken actions, cooperation and mutual trust. Poland supports these efforts”.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">In addition, it must be finally considered that, the goal of strengthening WHO's preparedness and response to public health emergencies, is not only limited to the drafting of an international instrument, but is also focused on the amendment of the International Health Regulation, a legally binding agreement –in effect for 196 States – <b>which already regulate the capability to detect and report potential public health emergencies worldwide</b>. The 75th World Health Assembly, held in Geneva from May 22-28, 2022, indeed, has further agreed to the creation of a Working Group on Amendments to the International Health Regulation (WGIHR) to present a package of amendments for consideration by the 77th World Health Assembly. The goal of strengthening WHO's response and leadership in global health emergencies, in essence, is intended to be achieved by coordinating the IHR amendment work with the process of drafting an international instrument of the INB.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">"In conclusion, what we are witnessing by monitoring the ongoing negotiations on the international treaty under negotiation is that the substantial elements on which the consultations are going on confirm in a neat way the will to introduce in the international legal landscape one more binding instrument aimed at creating a transnational-cosmopolitan approach to face health threats by transferring a great portion of national competences to WHO. This arises the question on the effectiveness of such a global coordination when countries like Sweden, during the pandemic, demonstrated how a local response, without nation-wide imposed lockdowns, resulted in a lower mortality rate recorded in comparison with countries that implemented different policies. This way of proceeding can be even more effective than a devolution to bodies not elected by the people of powers closely related with the restriction of fundamental freedoms.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">In this same context, furthermore, arises also the problem of the independent nature of the WHO. The fact that stakeholders involved in the preparatory work include organisations that have made clear over the time their political and ideological positions on human rights, abortion and democracy (e.g. Planned Parenthood Federation or Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation), signifies that an objective and independent policy-making by the WHO would be impossible, with the risk of promoting and imposing measures that reflect political positions far from the same citizens which would be the recipients of those measures” – stressed Veronica Turetta, analyst in Ordo Iuris International Law Center. </p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2022-06/AdobeStock_324543972_Editorial_Use_Only_0.jpeg?itok=PQlWaTQJ" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/who" hreflang="pl">WHO</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/pandemic" hreflang="pl">pandemic</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/treaty" hreflang="pl">treaty</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/coronavirus" hreflang="pl">coronavirus</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Wed, 29 Jun 2022 08:32:27 +0000 filip.bator 1314 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Ordo Iuris in defense of state sovereignty. Public hearings on the international anti-pandemic agreement https://en.ordoiuris.pl/civil-liberties/ordo-iuris-defense-state-sovereignty-public-hearings-international-anti-pandemic <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Ordo Iuris in defense of state sovereignty. Public hearings on the international anti-pandemic agreement <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>czw., 04/14/2022 - 13:33</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· The World Health Organization is working on the international anti-pandemic instrument.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· According to the initial assumptions, WHO could take over some of the competences of sovereign states, acting as a coordinating body for global health issues.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· The first session of public consultations organized by the Intergovernmental Negotiating Body set up by the WHO took place on April 12 and 13.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>· The Ordo Iuris Institute took part in the public hearings, pointing to the need to preserve the sovereignty of states in the field of pandemic management and stressing the need to ensure a free scientific debate.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify">Ordo Iuris expressed the need to preserve the principle of subsidiarity and the autonomy of states in the regarded area. Foundation also called for the protection of the freedom of scientific debate, bringing the example of courageous doctors who, at risk of their reputation and career, voiced opinions that differed from the mainstream. The Institute also criticized the censorship tendencies present in some media as harmful to the public health interest. In Ordo Iuris opinion, expert discussion and exchange of experiences should be properly protected as a value serving the common good.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">The event was also attended by some other organizations that uttered similar views on the need to maintain the pandemic management at the state level, thus preferring the auxiliary and not binding role of WHO recommendations. Dr Silvia Behrendt from the Global Health Responsibility Agency, former legal consultant to IHR Secretariat at WHO, criticized the disproportionate restrictions applied by some governments and called for protection against such practices. She also called for ban on mandating vaccination and other medical products undergoing clinical trials.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">- One of our concerns is to guarantee freedom of science, so researchers are free to develop and discuss their hypotheses and research. This freedom has shown itself to be very beneficial, especially in the context of recent years. Confrontation of ideas, discussing studies and exchange of experiences should be promoted in the interest of public health. - said Michał Pełka, Analyst of the Ordo Iuris Institute International Law Center.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">The second round of public hearings is scheduled for June 16-17 this year. The guiding question for the next round is not yet available.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">Earlier this year, the Institute published an analysis in which it points out that, in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, it is possible delegate to an international organization or international institution the competence of organs of State authority in relation to certain matters. However, it would have to happen with the consent of citizens, expressed in a national referendum or by an act supported by the Sejm by a two-thirds majority vote in the presence of at least half of the statutory number of deputies, and by the Senate by a two-thirds majority vote in the presence of at least half of the statutory number of Senators.</p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2022-04/AdobeStock_324543972_Editorial_Use_Only.jpeg?itok=GFoHPdHd" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/who" hreflang="pl">WHO</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/pandemic" hreflang="pl">pandemic</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/coronavirus" hreflang="pl">coronavirus</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/covid-19" hreflang="pl">covid-19</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Thu, 14 Apr 2022 11:33:56 +0000 filip.bator 1292 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl An "international anti-pandemic treaty" may infringe the competences of sovereign states https://en.ordoiuris.pl/civil-liberties/international-anti-pandemic-treaty-may-infringe-competences-sovereign-states <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> An &quot;international anti-pandemic treaty&quot; may infringe the competences of sovereign states <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>pt., 04/01/2022 - 10:25</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black" xml:lang="EN-US">· The World Health Organization is preparing a document known as the "international anti-pandemic treaty".</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black" xml:lang="EN-US">· The declared goal of the act is to improve global health security.</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black" xml:lang="EN-US">Under the terms of the treaty, the World Health Organization would act as a coordinating body for global health issues. This would mean that Poland would give up some of its competences to WHO.</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black" xml:lang="EN-US">· Pursuant to the Constitution, the transfer of the powers of state authorities by the Republic of Poland is possible only under a nationwide referendum or in an act passed under certain conditions.</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black" xml:lang="EN-US">· The Ordo Iuris Institute has prepared a study on the subject.</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black" xml:lang="EN-US">The appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus led to the declaration of a global pandemic by the WHO. This resulted in an unprecedented process of transferring responsibility for decisions related to the protection of public health from the national level to the international level. At the end of 2021, the WHO announced that it would start working on a document that "would allow countries around the world to strengthen national, regional and global capabilities and resilience to future pandemics." The emergence of the announced document may raise concerns as to whether, as a consequence, the powers of the state authorities will not be transferred to an international organization.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black" xml:lang="EN-US">The "International Anti-Pandemic Treaty" is currently in the editing phase. It is not known exactly what changes he would introduce. Only its main goals and assumptions are presented. However, it is possible to include provisions in the document under which WHO would take over some of the competences of state authorities.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black" xml:lang="EN-US">The first negotiating meeting on the treaty was held in February this year. According to the information provided on the website of the European Council, the document would introduce "a stronger international health framework in which the WHO would act as a coordinating body for global health issues". Moreover, there is a possibility that the possible, extended competences of WHO will concern not only the fight against infectious diseases, but also issues related to climate change and abortion. </span><span style="color:black">This is evidenced by, inter alia, statement issued by G7 leaders following their February 2021 meeting to tackle the coronavirus pandemic. However, the statement also included postulates relating to climate change or the implementation of the so-called Sustainable Development Goals.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, which is the highest act of universally binding law in Poland, allows for the delegation of some powers of state authorities to an international organization. However, specific conditions specified in the constitution must be met. Article 90 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland stipulates that the conferral of the powers of state authorities by the Republic of Poland must be preceded by consent expressed in a national referendum or in an act supported by a majority of at least two-thirds of votes in the presence of at least half of the statutory number of deputies and a majority of at least two-thirds of votes in the presence of at least half of the votes of the statutory number of senators.</span></span></span></span></p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2022-04/AdobeStock_329690483_Editorial_Use_Only.jpeg?itok=BdlL2uNt" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/who" hreflang="pl">WHO</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/treaty" hreflang="pl">treaty</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/pandemic" hreflang="pl">pandemic</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/coronavirus" hreflang="pl">coronavirus</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Fri, 01 Apr 2022 08:25:21 +0000 filip.bator 1289 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Fight with coronavirus as a pretext for promoting abortion. An ideological resolution of the European Parliament https://en.ordoiuris.pl/life-protection/fight-coronavirus-pretext-promoting-abortion-ideological-resolution-european <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Fight with coronavirus as a pretext for promoting abortion. An ideological resolution of the European Parliament <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>śr., 08/05/2020 - 10:32</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Once again, under the pretext of actions concerning fight with coronavirus, the European Parliament promotes radical demands regarding the promotion of abortion and claims of LGBT activists. Members of the European Parliament adopted a resolution regarding the EU’s public health strategy post-COVID-19. It contains proposals of access to ‘reproductive and sexual health services’, which include contraception, abortive substances and </span></span></span></strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">‘<strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">safe</span></strong>’<strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> abortion. This issue has nothing to do with the aspects of fighting the consequences of the epidemic; moreover, its regulation does not fall within the EU’s scope of competence.</span></strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The primary aim of the resolution was to give an overview of the consequences of COVID-19 and to present the steps that the European Union should undertake to mitigate the consequences of the spread of the coronavirus. Apart from unquestionable health care issues, the document contains also ideological proposals. In the opinion of MEPs, ‘the access to sexual and reproductive health and rights services has been negatively affected during the health crisis and women, children and LGBT+ people have been at higher risk of violence and discrimination’ (point W). For years, left-wing circles have used the term ‘reproductive and sexual rights and health’ for promoting the unlimited possibility of killing unborn children and vulgar sexual education. Importantly, states have also never agreed to the establishment of a separate category of ‘sexual rights’ that is used in an unauthorised manner by radical groups.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In the resolution, MEPs call on EU member states ‘to promote and ensure access to sexual and reproductive rights services, including access to contraception and the right to safe abortion’. This was emphasised even though the concept of ‘the right to abortion’ does not exist in the applicable international law. On the contrary, a number of treaties aimed at the protection of human rights guarantee the protection of ‘the right to life’ to everyone. In the opinion of the European Parliament, access to contraception, including emergency contraception, and to prenatal killing should be considered as essential healthcare services to be maintained in times of crisis (see point 25). In this way, the EP puts the killing of an unborn child on a par with basic health services saving health and life. For these reasons, the provisions of the resolution may be interpreted as an attempt to force EU member states to change their legislations regulating the market of contraceptives and abortive products.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Moreover, the resolution criticises the states that have not guaranteed access to prenatal killing during the epidemic. It states that the denial of access to ‘reproductive and sexual health services’, including ‘safe and legal abortion is a form of violence against women and girls’ (point 26). In the same point, MEPs encourage EU states to provide access to pharmacological abortion.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">‘Although the establishment of the law regarding the permissibility of abortion falls only within the competence of EU states, MEPs call on member states in the adopted document to guarantee “ready access for women to family planning”, including “modern contraceptive methods and safe and legal abortion” as emphasised in point 26. The care expressed by the language of the text is aimed at creating a positive image of abortion and distracting attention from its negative and inseparable consequences. This is another attempt of Members of the European Parliament to influence decisions of EU states in the field outside the competence of the European Union. The proposals formulated by the European Parliament in this respect contradict also the provisions of international conferences in Cairo (1994) and Beijing (1995), during which it was stated clearly that the obligation of states is to act for the purpose of reducing the number of abortions,’ stresses Karolina Pawłowska, Director of the Centre of International Law of Ordo Iuris Institute.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2020-08/AdobeStock_252857590.jpeg?itok=JxZbQ2Lv" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ordo-iuris" hreflang="pl">Ordo Iuris</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/abortion" hreflang="pl">abortion</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/pro-life-0" hreflang="pl">pro life</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/coronavirus" hreflang="pl">coronavirus</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/pandemic" hreflang="pl">pandemic</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/euroepan-parliament" hreflang="pl">euroepan parliament</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/european-union" hreflang="pl">European Union</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Wed, 05 Aug 2020 08:32:58 +0000 filip.bator 1118 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl The World Health Organisation needs reforms https://en.ordoiuris.pl/life-protection/world-health-organisation-needs-reforms <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> The World Health Organisation needs reforms <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>pon., 05/18/2020 - 14:59</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The crisis caused by the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic highlighted the numerous difficulties faced by modern societies worldwide. However, it has also clearly shown the problems related to the World Health Organisation’s activities. After all, the WHO’s delay in providing information on the coronavirus and making a clear threat assessment resulted in the disease spreading much faster than it otherwise would. Apart from its activities related to health protection, the organisation has also been involved in the implementation of radical ideological demands for years now and has not done away with these demands, even during a global pandemic. The WHO's priorities still include upholding “reproductive and sexual rights”, such as access to abortion.</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><a href="https://www.makewhogreatagain.com/en"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">SIGN THE PETITION WITH A CALL TO OPPOSE WHO'S ACTIONS</span></span></b></span></span></a></p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">For many people, the current pandemic has undermined the confidence in international bodies, including WHO. WHO itself made numerous mistakes, such as delays in reporting about the dangers of the coronavirus. Initially, it even stated that human-to-human transmission was impossible in the case of SARS-CoV-2. This prevented other countries from suspending travel to and from China, which would have helped contain the virus.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Throughout its history, the World Health Organisation has conducted many positive activities as well. It proved successful in the fight against extremely dangerous infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera, and also led to the complete eradication of smallpox worldwide. Nonetheless, numerous activities undertaken by WHO in recent years have a deeply rooted ideological basis. It takes steps to merge health with a much broader category of the so-called “reproductive and sexual rights,” including abortion, in a completely unauthorised way. In addition, WHO pushes for extremely controversial and borderline obscene sex education standards. The COVID-19 situation may further exacerbate this phenomenon, especially in regard to WHO’s decisions, as the protection of “reproductive and sexual rights,” including access to abortion, is among its priorities in the fight against the current crisis and its effects.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The way WHO functions requires far-reaching reforms to ensure that the organisation’s activities respond to the actual needs of the nations which contribute to its budget. The answer to these problems could be to increase the degree of control that member states have over the WHO’s expenditure eligibility. Cancelling programmes that undermine international arrangements and fundamental human rights would also be crucial. Otherwise, the United States, which announced that it has halted its funding for the World Health Organisation, may soon be joined by other countries. This could hinder the effective implementation of WHO’s undisputedly positive mission, i.e. disease control.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">“The World Health Organisation’s history shows that the activities undertaken by this institution were universal and effective only when it respected the beliefs and interests of all parties involved – when it respected the culture and economic interests of the member states. For WHO to overcome this crisis of confidence, it seems that it must allow the member states to have a greater degree of control concerning the way funds are spent and the objectives achieved, as well as to improve communication with the populations of these countries,” said Filip Furman, Director of the Social Sciences and Bioethics Centre at the Ordo Iuris Institute.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="background:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">“What is particularly concerning for people is WHO’s push for extreme, ideologically-motivated proposals. It is all about promoting the concept of reproductive and sexual rights, which includes the proposal to lower living standards and increase access to abortion. In this regard, WHO's intentions are quite clear, and its collaboration with a well-known US abortion clinic network that co-finances its activities only serves to confirm this. WHO’s guidelines on obscene and aggressive sex education for children are yet another problem,” said Bartosz Zalewski, an attorney at the Ordo Iuris Legislative Analysis Centre.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2020-05/AdobeStock_334894000_Editorial_Use_Only.jpeg?itok=R7WweBT2" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/who" hreflang="pl">WHO</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/coronavirus" hreflang="pl">coronavirus</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/epidemic" hreflang="pl">epidemic</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/covid-19" hreflang="pl">covid-19</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/pandemic" hreflang="pl">pandemic</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/abortion" hreflang="pl">abortion</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/gender" hreflang="pl">gender</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Mon, 18 May 2020 12:59:41 +0000 filip.bator 1071 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl An Analysis of Legal Measures Adopted in Hungary to Combat the COVID-19 Epidemic https://en.ordoiuris.pl/civil-liberties/analysis-legal-measures-adopted-hungary-combat-covid-19-epidemic <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--title--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> An Analysis of Legal Measures Adopted in Hungary to Combat the COVID-19 Epidemic <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--title--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--analiza-prawna.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--analiza-prawna.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>czw., 04/16/2020 - 16:15</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--body--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p align="center" class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">An Analysis</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">of Legal Measures Adopted in Hungary to Combat the COVID-19 Epidemic</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">1. Introductory remarks</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Hungary was detected on 4 March 2020. As of 6 April 2020, 744 cases have been diagnosed, 14,325 people are quarantined, 67 people have recovered, and 38 people have died.</span><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="" id="_ftnref1"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="border:none; font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> It is also worth noting that 12,148 tests for COVID-19 have been performed.</span><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="" id="_ftnref2"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="border:none; font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> These data should be assessed taking into account the population of Hungary, which is relatively small, as it amounts to 9,670,321 people (as of 28 March 2020), while the population density per km<sup>2</sup> is approximately 106.3 people.</span><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="" id="_ftnref3"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="border:none; font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">2. Preventive and intervention measures taken by Hungarian authorities</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">2.1. Measures implemented before the detection of the first infection</span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The first action was taken by the Hungarian authorities already at the end of January 2020, one month before the first case of infection was detected in Hungary. An Operational Group for Protection against the Coronavirus Epidemic was created, and on 31 January 2020 it presented an Action Plan, which was implemented to locate and control all possible cases of infection in Hungary and to coordinate the activities of state authorities for the effective establishment of health care and epidemiological measures.<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="" id="_ftnref4"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Even before any infections had been detected, the plan was to develop procedural rules for border traffic monitoring to prevent the spread of the epidemic, and legal instruments for border surveillance, with sanitary checks on persons who had visited the People's Republic of China during the fortnight prior to their arrival in Hungary and on persons who were in contact with confirmed infected persons.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="" id="_ftnref5"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> It was announced that thermal cameras and disinfection points would be installed at border crossings, and that medical equipment and personal protective equipment would be purchased for medical and border crossing personnel.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="" id="_ftnref6"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">A free helpline (a so-called ‘green line’) and a website dedicated to epidemic risk issues were immediately launched, the performance of hospitals, means of medical transport (especially as regards transport from border points) and laboratories that were to perform tests was reviewed, and prisoners were assigned to the production of personal protective equipment.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="" id="_ftnref7"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">As far as politics is concerned, an inter-party consultation on the measures implemented by the government in relation to the COVID-19 threat was held on 27 February 2020.<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="" id="_ftnref8"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The efforts undertaken by the Hungarian authorities were therefore initially aimed at two main objectives, i.e. sanitary control of people arriving from locations with high virus transmission (at that time – mainly from China) to detect possible cases of infection as soon as possible, and preparatory measures to equip the medical services for their smooth functioning after the first infection was detected.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">2.2. Measures implemented after the detection of the first infection</span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">2.2.1. Measures for direct prevention of the epidemic spread</span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">As indicated above, the first confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Hungary were announced on 4 March, and by 6 March there were already 4 cases, all involving foreigners.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="" id="_ftnref9"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> On the same day, it was decided that all the patients should be relocated to St Laszlo (<i>Szent László</i>) Hospital in Budapest, which was to be dedicated exclusively to patients diagnosed with COVID-19.<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="" id="_ftnref10"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Further measures were implemented successively. The introduction of a state of danger throughout Hungary, which took place by Government Decree 40/2020 of 11 March 2020, should be considered a crucial move.<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="" id="_ftnref11"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> It should be explained here that the Hungarian Constitution of 25 April 2011 (Fundamental Law of Hungary – hereafter: the Constitution) provides for an extensive catalogue of special states (Articles 48-54). It includes a state of national crisis (Article 49 of the Constitution), a state of emergency (Article 50 of the Constitution), a state of preventive defence (Article 51 of the Constitution), a state of terrorist threat (Article 51A of the Constitution), and a state of danger (Article 53 of the Constitution).<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="" id="_ftnref12"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[12]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">According to Article 53 Section 1 of the Constitution, a state of danger is introduced in case of a natural or industrial disaster threatening life and property in order to mitigate the effects of such events. A state of danger is declared by the government, owing to the fact that it has the power to introduce emergency measures as defined by the cardinal laws.<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="" id="_ftnref13"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[13]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> In particular, the government has the right to issue decrees in which it may suspend or derogate from statutory provisions and take other emergency measures (Article 53 Section 2 of the Constitution). Government decrees are only valid for 15 days, unless the government extends them with the consent of the National Assembly (Article 53 Section 3 of the Constitution). The decrees always expire when the state of danger comes to an end (Article 53 Section 4 of the Constitution).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In accordance with Article 54 Section 1 of the Constitution, during the period of all special states, the exercise of fundamental rights may be suspended or restricted, with the exception of those set out in Article II of the Constitution (protection of human dignity and the right to life from conception), Article III of the Constitution (prohibition of torture and inhuman treatment) and Article XXVIII Sections 2-6 of the Constitution (procedural guarantees in criminal proceedings). However, when introducing such restrictions, the principles set out in Article I Section 3 of the Constitution should be preserved, i.e. first of all the introduced restrictions should have a statutory basis, be introduced for the protection of other constitutionally protected rights and values, and satisfy the proportionality principle. Any infringements of the essence of a given law are unacceptable.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">By Government Decree 41/2020 of 11 March 2020, it was decided that border checks should be temporarily reintroduced at the borders where they were not carried out (i.e. with European Union Member States).<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="" id="_ftnref14"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> The Decree also prohibited persons coming from Italy, China, Israel, Iran and South Korea, except for Hungarian nationals, from entering Hungary. Hungarian citizens arriving from the listed countries were subjected to compulsory quarantine at a designated site where a sanitary inspection (body temperature measurement) would indicate SARS-Cov-2 infection; in other cases, they were to undergo home isolation (defined as home quarantine). The Decree also prohibited the arbitrary departure from Hungarian territory of certain categories of persons, such as health workers, professional and voluntary reserve soldiers and employees of certain public administration departments.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Government Decree 46/2020 of 16 March 2020,<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="" id="_ftnref15"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[15]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> which called for all persons over 70 years old to stay at home while providing them with sustenance, also had a considerable impact. Such persons were to notify the local authority of their place of stay and the fact that they would stay at home to comply with the government's call. In such a situation, it is the responsibility of the local authorities to provide the seniors with the necessary supplies. By the same decree, the Hungarian government decided to close down catering establishments, allowing only takeaway meals and the provision of catering services, and to close down commercial establishments, with the exception of grocery stores, chemical and sanitary stores and pharmacies from 3 PM to 6 AM.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The Decree also contains a number of restrictions related to organising gatherings and participation in cultural events. The Hungarian government has therefore decided to prohibit participation in the following:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol><li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">dance and entertainment events;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">gatherings, except for gatherings of religious communities, funerals and civil weddings;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">sports events attended by the public;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">cultural events, whether organised by public or private establishments (this applies to cinemas, theatres, art galleries, museums, libraries and other similar establishments).</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Violation of the above prohibitions will result in a fine of HUF 5,000 to 500,000. Since 16 March 2020, teaching activities carried out by schools have also been suspended, but facilities can provide care for those children who cannot stay at home with their parents.<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="" id="_ftnref16"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[16]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Government Decree 64/2020 of 25 March 2020 introduced a ban on the export of certain medicines from Hungary.<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title="" id="_ftnref17"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[17]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> Exceptions to the ban included the export of medical supplies for humanitarian purposes.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Further significant restrictions were introduced by Government Decree 71/2020 of 27 March 2020.<a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title="" id="_ftnref18"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[18]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> The Decree ordered to limit social contacts as much as possible and to keep a distance of at least 1.5 meters from other people, except for those who live in the same household. This provision also applies to public transport. A ban on leaving the place of residence has been introduced, except for important reasons, which are listed in the Decree. These include:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol><li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">performance of official or employee duties, conducting economic, agricultural and forestry activities, as well as making purchases necessary in connection with the above activities;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">access to medical services, including mental health (visits to a psychiatrist, psychologist, psychotherapist);</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">recreational and sports activities and walks – only outside areas of residence or, if within residential areas, alone or together with another person living in the same household, preferably in green areas and keeping a distance of 1.5 m from other people;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">getting married or attending a funeral of a close family member;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">purchase of food and other necessities;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">purchase of fuel at a gas station;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">purchase of products in tobacco stores;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">access to hairdressing and beauty services;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">access to transport, cleaning and hygiene services;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">access to services related to the repair and maintenance of means of transport and agricultural machinery;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">access to waste management services;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">in case of extreme necessity – access to services requiring physical presence in the fields of administration, banking, finance, insurance and mail;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">providing animal supplies, walking animals, visiting a veterinarian;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">parental rights and responsibilities;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">religious activity.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">These provisions also allow carers of the disabled, elderly and the underaged to leave the house.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Additional restrictions apply to persons over 65 years of age. In their case, shopping for food, medications and other necessary products should only take place in the morning between 9 AM and 12 PM. During these hours no people other than shop employees are allowed to access grocer's shops and pharmacies.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The police and military police are to supervise the enforcement of the Decree. The decree in question is valid until 11 April 2020, but may be extended.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The measures taken by the Hungarian government in the period following the detection of the first infection are therefore aimed at halting the increase in the number of viral infections and thus the incidence of the disease by isolation and reduction of social contact. These measures are implemented successively, based on the assumption that people coming in from outside the country are no longer the sole source of infection. As Prime Minister Victor Orbán pointed out when commenting on the introduction of the restrictions provided for by Decree 71/2020 of 27 March 2020, these measures are adequate and proportionate to the situation in Hungary, with the Bavarian solutions serving as a model for the Hungarian government.<a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title="" id="_ftnref19"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[19]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> Particularly noteworthy are solutions aimed at safeguarding the life and health of older people, who belong to a group with a high risk of particularly severe COVID-19 illness. It seems that these solutions are rational and well thought-out, and specifying the hours when elderly people have the exclusive right to make the necessary purchases may have a positive impact on their health security.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Government communications also underline that citizens mostly respect the restrictions imposed by public authorities.<a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title="" id="_ftnref20"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[20]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> It must be said that this is the best way to avoid the ‘Italian scenario’. As has already been pointed out in Ordo Iuris publications, the Italian government did issue a number of apt regulations to counteract the spread of SARS-CoV-2, yet it did not stop the outbreak mainly because the provisions of government decrees were not respected.<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title="" id="_ftnref21"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[21]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">2.2.2. Measures to mitigate the adverse economic and social consequences of the epidemic</span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The Hungarian government is also implementing measures to counter the negative economic and social consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic. This concerns mainly solutions in the area of bond relations, public law burdens on entrepreneurs operating in particularly endangered sectors of the national economy, employee issues related mainly to allowing work to be performed remotely and easing certain formal requirements (notifications, registrations) related to the provision of services in the food trade and basic necessities sectors.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">By Government Decree 47/2020 of 18 March 2020, the payment of receivables (the main sum plus interest) under credit, lease and loan agreements was suspended at least until 31 December 2020, which obviously does not affect the debtors' right to make timely payments nevertheless.<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title="" id="_ftnref22"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[22]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> These regulations concern contracts concluded before 19 March 2020. It was also stipulated that the annual interest rate on consumer credit agreements concluded after the entry into force of the Decree (i.e. after 18 March 2020) and not secured by a pledge must not exceed the Central Bank's basic interest rate plus 5%.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Unilateral termination of lease agreements for non-residential premises where one of the parties is an entrepreneur in the tourism, catering, film or other entertainment industry (organisation of cultural events, casinos, performing arts, sports-related services) has also been prohibited until 30 June 2020, subject to a ban on increasing the rent during the entire state of danger period. Moreover, other types of safeguards have been introduced for entrepreneurs operating within the economic sectors mentioned above:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol><li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">total renunciation of public charges related to the employment of workers for the period from March to June 2020;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">the only contributions to be paid by these entrepreneurs as employers are health insurance contributions up to HUF 7,710;</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">collection of specific contributions for the period from March to June 2020 has also been dropped.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">For the period from March to June 2020, taxpayers providing passenger transport services were exempted from the flat-rate tax for small businesses. However, special regulations concerning the possibility of changing the work schedule and unilaterally ordering employees to work from home have been introduced for all employers. All collective labour agreements whose provisions prevented the introduction of such solutions were suspended by the Decree.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The provisions of Decree 47/2020 were partially supplemented. The tax exemptions were extended by Decree 61/2020 of 23 March 2020.<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title="" id="_ftnref23"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[23]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> They apply to employees, private entrepreneurs and partners in partnerships, and cover the period from March to June 2020. The same decree also provides for specific exemptions for small entrepreneurs operating in sectors such as taxi transport, hairdressing, various types of finishing works (wall painters, plasterers, electricians, plumbers, etc.), medical services (rehabilitation, nursing, care of the disabled, etc.), and tourism and entertainment in the broader sense.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Additional provisions for entrepreneurs were also introduced by Government Decree 48/2020 of 19 March 2020.<a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title="" id="_ftnref24"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[24]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> The Decree enabled trade in food or other goods of everyday use without making the notifications and registrations required by law, subject, however, to the requirement to conclude a relevant agreement with a commercial or catering establishment. Mail order activities were also allowed without the need to make the relevant notifications and registrations.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In addition, the Hungarian government has maintained the payment of family-oriented benefits,<a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title="" id="_ftnref25"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[25]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> and has decided to introduce some facilitation of non-cash trade.<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title="" id="_ftnref26"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[26]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> Court holidays have also been introduced (i.e. hearings are held only when necessary) and the activities of public offices have been reorganised, partly abandoning paper circulation and modifying some procedural issues for the state of danger period.<a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title="" id="_ftnref27"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[27]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">3. Act XII of 2020 on the containment of coronavirus</span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">On 31 March 2020, the Hungarian National Assembly adopted a special law on combating COVID-19 (Act XII of 2020).<a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title="" id="_ftnref28"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[28]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> The Act confirms previously issued government decrees related to the state of danger, obliges and empowers the Hungarian government to take further measures to combat the epidemic, including emergency measures and measures unforeseen in Act CXXVIII of 2011 on disaster management, and amends the Hungarian Criminal Code. The Preamble to the Act indicates that the adoption of the Act was also due to the anticipated difficulties in holding Hungarian National Assembly meetings during the period of the COVID-19 emergency.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Under Section 2(1) of the Act, the government is authorised to suspend the application of the legislation and to repeal it. However, such measures may be taken only to prevent, control and counter the epidemic and its harmful consequences, if it is necessary and proportionate to achieve that objective.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The National Assembly authorised the government to extend the validity of government decrees issued during the state of danger, but before the entry into force of the Act in question, until the state of danger ends. This is the solution provided for in Article 53 Section 3 of the Constitution, applied <i>en bloc </i>for all government decrees, but given that it refers only to decrees already issued, it is difficult to regard it as a ‘blank’ authorisation, as the opposition groups in Hungary would like to present it<a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title="" id="_ftnref29"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[29]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. It should also be noted that, according to the Act in question, the National Assembly may withdraw the authorisation granted before the end of the state of danger. The government has also been obliged to systematically provide the National Assembly – and in the event that it cannot gather, the President of the National Assembly and the leaders of parliamentary groups – with information on the measures implemented to prevent the epidemic.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">This solution is intended to ensure that the legislative authorities have control over the actions of the executive authorities, which enjoy certain specific competences during the state of danger. The criticism of the illusory (or even non-existent) parliamentary control over the actions of the government is therefore unfounded.<a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title="" id="_ftnref30"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[30]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> It should be noted that the logic and functioning of the cabinet-parliamentary system (which is currently adopted in Hungary) is based on the assumption that the government (the executive) is, in fact, an emanation of the parliamentary majority, which must give it a vote of confidence. It is therefore natural that a full division (separation) of powers is not feasible. This may look quite different in the presidential system, where there is no such correlation between the executive and legislative powers, and the Montesquieu principle of separation of powers is carried out in an incomplete but more consistent manner. It should be stressed, however, that such a situation does not occur in any of the European Union countries, because even in France, where a semi-presidential model was adopted during the period of the 5th Republic, the parliament influences the government's staffing, and a fully implemented presidential model functions primarily in the United States.<a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title="" id="_ftnref31"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[31]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> However, as it is emphasised in the literature, it is often the case in the political practice that this principle of separation and balance of powers is treated as an ideal model, approached through certain legal solutions, as absolute separation of powers is not possible from an organisational and functional point of view.<a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title="" id="_ftnref32"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[32]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> However, the mechanism of critical review of the government's actions by the political opposition in the parliamentary forum has been preserved, and the Hungarian government still has to seek the approval of the National Assembly for its actions. Moreover, the National Assembly may also withdraw its approval of government decrees that have been approved on the basis of the Act in question, which is clearly stated in the Act.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In the political practice of the cabinet-parliamentary system, judicial review of executive authorities exercising their powers is also crucial. The Act in question has secured the continuity of the functioning of the Hungarian Constitutional Court by allowing the President of the Constitutional Court to decide on holding the Court's plenary sessions and meetings using electronic means of communication and introducing other derogations from the Rules of Procedure of the Constitutional Court during the state of danger. Thus, it is possible to exercise the Court's power to control the constitutionality of legal acts issued by the government.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">As the literature points out, one of the greatest challenges for the legislator is to adopt such a manner of the exercise of power in a crisis management period to ensure that the executive authority (the government) is able to effectively counteract crisis situations and to prevent possible abuses of power. This is to be achieved primarily through the principle of separation of powers and judicial review<a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title="" id="_ftnref33"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[33]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. Both these elements of the check and balance system have been guaranteed in the Act in question, and therefore any negative opinions formulated on this ground should be considered unfounded.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The Act also provides that during a state of danger there will be no previously scheduled elections or referenda. At present, there is no established practice in this respect and divergent decisions relating to the conduct of elections are made in different countries. The first round of local government elections took place in France, but the second round was postponed until 21 June 2020.<a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title="" id="_ftnref34"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[34]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> Despite the large number of people infected with SARS-CoV-2, the German Bavarian authorities decided to hold the elections.<a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title="" id="_ftnref35"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[35]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> In the United States, some state authorities have decided to postpone the primary election.<a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title="" id="_ftnref36"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[36]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> The Polish authorities still maintain that the presidential elections will take place within the constitutional deadline, despite the fact that this decision is criticised by some.<a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title="" id="_ftnref37"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[37]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The Hungarian Criminal Code was also amended by the provisions of Act XII of 2020. The rules on violations of quarantine, epidemiological isolation and surveillance have been tightened, and now provide for imprisonment of up to three years. In the case of complicity, the crime is punishable by one to five years of imprisonment. If a person dies as a result of a crime (crime aggravated by its consequences), the punishment is imprisonment for two to eight years. Preparation of actions aimed at making the fight against the epidemic more difficult is punishable by imprisonment of up to one year.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In addition, the amendment provides that a person who publicly declares or disseminates untruthfulness or manipulates facts in a place of danger and before a large audience, which could cause danger or distress to a larger group of people, is punishable by imprisonment of up to three years. Where the crime is committed during special states (and therefore a state of danger) and the offender's action may make it more difficult to ensure security, the penalty is more severe and includes imprisonment from one to five years.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">4. Summary</span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The Hungarian authorities decided to introduce various measures to prevent and counteract the COVID-19 epidemic. In particular, the rapid reaction of the authorities in the period before the first infection was detected on the territory of the country, as well as the subsequent measures taken to ensure maximum social isolation and safeguard the health security of the elderly, who are in the high-risk group, deserve special recognition. The Hungarian government is also taking decisive action to counteract the negative social and economic impact of the epidemic, without hesitating to forego certain public contributions during the period when the disease is expected to peak and in the subsequent months (March to June 2020). A major controversy was stirred by Act XII of 2020, but the criticism levelled at it seems unjustified. The Act provides due guarantees for the protection of citizens' rights, and its provisions do not violate the constitutional regulation. The Hungarian legislature has retained both parliamentary and judicial control over the executive's actions during the state of danger.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p class="TreA" style="border:none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Author: Bartosz Zalewski, Attorney-at-Law</span></i></span></span></span></p> <div>  <div id="ftn37"> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--body--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie2--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie2.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie2.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--field-zdjecie2--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--analiza-prawna--field-zdjecie2.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2020-04/AdobeStock_198984695_1.jpeg?itok=9WvfHMKY" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--field-zdjecie2--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--field-kategoria--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> Civil liberties <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--field-kategoria--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--analiza-prawna.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/analysis" hreflang="pl">analysis</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/hungary" hreflang="pl">hungary</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/epidemic" hreflang="pl">epidemic</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/coronavirus" hreflang="pl">coronavirus</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ordo-iuris" hreflang="pl">Ordo Iuris</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-przypisy--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--field-przypisy.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--field-przypisy.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div><div id="ftn1"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title="" id="_ftn1"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><sup><span style="border:none; font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> See updated information available on the official government portal: http://abouthungary.hu/news-in-brief/coronavirus-heres-the-latest/ (access: 06 April 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title="" id="_ftn2"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><sup><span style="border:none; font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></a> <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:Didot">Ibid. </span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">(data as at 30 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title="" id="_ftn3"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><sup><span style="border:none; font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"> Data available at </span></span><a href="quot;https:/www.populationof.net/pl/hungary/&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://www.populationof.net/pl/hungary/</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 29 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title="" id="_ftn4"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> The communication by the Hungarian Ministry of the Interior of 1 February 2020 is available at: <a href="quot;https:/www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-interior/news/the-operational-group-s-action-plan-for-protection-against-the-coronavirus-epidemic&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-interior/news/the-operational-group-s-action-plan-for-protection-against-the-coronavirus-epidemic</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 29 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title="" id="_ftn5"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Didot" xml:lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title="" id="_ftn6"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Didot" xml:lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title="" id="_ftn7"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Didot" xml:lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title="" id="_ftn8"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> The communication by the Hungarian Ministry of the Interior of 28 February 2020 is available at: <a href="quot;https:/www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-interior/news/seven-party-consultation-regarding-measures-related-to-action-against-coronavirus-epidemic-has-been-concluded&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-interior/news/seven-party-consultation-regarding-measures-related-to-action-against-coronavirus-epidemic-has-been-concluded</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 29 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title="" id="_ftn9"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> The communication by the Ministry of the Interior of 6 March 2020 is available at: <a href="quot;https:/www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-interior/news/four-foreigners-have-been-diagnosed-with-infection-in-hungary-so-far&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-interior/news/four-foreigners-have-been-diagnosed-with-infection-in-hungary-so-far</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 29 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title="" id="_ftn10"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> The communication by the Hungarian Ministry of the Interior of 6 March 2020 is available at: <a href="quot;https:/www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-interior/news/free-capacity-in-laszlo-hospital-to-be-made-available&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-interior/news/free-capacity-in-laszlo-hospital-to-be-made-available</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 29 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title="" id="_ftn11"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> An English version of the Decree is available at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0040K_20200311_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0040K_20200311_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 28 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title="" id="_ftn12"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[12]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> Article 48 of the Constitution regulates the common rules for a state of national crisis and a state of emergency, Article 52 of the Constitution concerns the procedure in case of an unexpected external attack, and Article 54 of the Constitution defines the rules common to all special states.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title="" id="_ftn13"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[13]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> An equivalent of former organic laws that are adopted by qualified majority of 2/3 of votes – M. Mazz, <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Didot" xml:lang="EN-GB">The Hungarian Fundamental Law, the New Cardinal Laws and European Concerns</span></i>, Acta Iuridica Hungarica 54/2 (2013), p. 142.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title="" id="_ftn14"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> An English version of the Decree is available at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0041K_20200324_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0041K_20200324_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 28 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title="" id="_ftn15"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[15]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> An English version of the Decree is available at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0046K_20200318_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0046K_20200318_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 28 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title="" id="_ftn16"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[16]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> See press releases available at: <a href="quot;https:/bbj.hu/coronavirus/schools-to-be-closed-from-monday_179741&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://bbj.hu/coronavirus/schools-to-be-closed-from-monday_179741</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 29 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title="" id="_ftn17"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[17]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> An English version of the Decree is available at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0064K_20200325_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0064K_20200325_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 31 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title="" id="_ftn18"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[18]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> An English version of the Decree is available at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0071K_20200328_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0071K_20200328_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 31 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title="" id="_ftn19"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[19]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> See information available on the Hungarian government's website: <a href="quot;https:/www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/news/restrictions-on-movement-to-be-imposed-in-hungary&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/news/restrictions-on-movement-to-be-imposed-in-hungary</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 31 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title="" id="_ftn20"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[20]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> See information available on the Hungarian government's website: <a href="quot;https:/www.kormany.hu/en/news/restrictions-on-movement-will-lead-to-expected-results&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://www.kormany.hu/en/news/restrictions-on-movement-will-lead-to-expected-results</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 31 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn21"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title="" id="_ftn21"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[21]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> See F. Furman, B. Zalewski, M. Naszkiewicz, <i><span style="font-family:Didot">Rozwiązania prawne przyjęte w odpowiedzi na epidemię koronawirusa Sars-CoV-2 w wybranych krajach świata i ich skutki epidemiologiczne. </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Didot" xml:lang="EN-GB">Analiza Instytutu Ordo Iuris, </span></i>Warsaw 2020, p. 20. The analysis can be downloaded from: <a href="quot;https:/koronawirus.ordoiuris.pl&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink1" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://koronawirus.ordoiuris.pl</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 31 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn22"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title="" id="_ftn22"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[22]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> An English version of the Decree is available at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0047K_20200319_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0047K_20200319_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 30 March 2020). As far as the performance of the obligation relationship is concerned, the provisions of Decree 47/2020 were supplemented by the provisions of Government Decree 62/2020 of 24 March 2020 – an English version of this Decree is available at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0062K_20200325_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0062K_20200325_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 31 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn23"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title="" id="_ftn23"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[23]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> An English version of the decree is available at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0061K_20200324_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0061K_20200324_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 30 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn24"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title="" id="_ftn24"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[24]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> An English version of the Decree is available at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0048K_20200320_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0048K_20200320_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 30 March 2020). Apart from solutions addressed to entrepreneurs, the Decree contains provisions on financing costs related to the adoption of special regulations for the state of danger period and directly related derogations from the normal functioning of administration.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn25"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title="" id="_ftn25"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[25]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> Under Decree 59/2020 of 23 March 2020 – an English version of the decree is available at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0059K_20200324_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0059K_20200324_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 30 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn26"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title="" id="_ftn26"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[26]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> Under Government Decree 60/2020 of 23 March 2020 – an English version of the decree is available at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0060K_20200325_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0060K_20200325_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 30 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn27"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title="" id="_ftn27"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[27]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> Decrees 45/2020 of 14 March 2020 (available in English at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0045K_20200316_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0045K_20200316_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> – access: 30 March 2020) and 57/2020 of 23 March 2020 (available in English at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0057K_20200324_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020R0057K_20200324_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> – access: 30 March 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn28"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title="" id="_ftn28"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[28]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> An English version of the Act is available at: <a href="quot;https:/njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020T0012P_20200331_FIN.pdf&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://njt.hu/translated/doc/J2020T0012P_20200331_FIN.pdf</span></span></span></span></a> (1 April 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn29"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title="" id="_ftn29"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[29]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> See the statement made by Schmuck Erzsébet of the Hungarian Green Party, available at: <a href="quot;https:/www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/hungarys-state-of-emergency-law-is-a-blank-cheque-to-orban-critics-say/&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/hungarys-state-of-emergency-law-is-a-blank-cheque-to-orban-critics-say/</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 1 April 2020). </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn30"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title="" id="_ftn30"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[30]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> Similarly: Center for Fundamental Rights, <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Didot" xml:lang="EN-GB">Overview of the Legal Background of the Coronavirus Response Act Democracy Prevails in Hungary Despite All , </span></i>31 March 2020 – publication available at: <a href="quot;https:/alapjogokert.hu/en/category/writings/&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://alapjogokert.hu/en/category/writings/</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 01 April 2020). </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn31"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title="" id="_ftn31"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[31]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> Where, however, the principle of the separation of powers in the Montesquieu perspective is not fully implemented – see R.G. Hazo, <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Didot" xml:lang="EN-GB">Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers, </span></i>American Bar Association Journal 54/7 (1968), pp. 665–668; L. Fisher, <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Didot" xml:lang="EN-GB">The Law of the Executive Branch: Presidential Power</span></i>, Oxford 2014, p. 5.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn32"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title="" id="_ftn32"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[32]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> W. Skrzydło, [in:] <i><span style="font-family:Didot">Polskie prawo konstytucyjne, </span></i>[ed.] W. Skrzydło, Lublin 2008, p. 125. See also: N. Singh, A. Vijay, <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Didot" xml:lang="EN-GB">Separation of Powers: Constitutional Plan and Practice</span></i>, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 3/11 (2013), p. 2; F. Venter, <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Didot" xml:lang="EN-GB">Constitutional Comparisone. Japan, Germany, Canada and South Africa as Constitutional States, </span></i>Cape Town 2000, p. 223 et seq.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn33"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title="" id="_ftn33"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[33]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> O. Gross, F.N. Aolain, <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Didot" xml:lang="EN-GB">Law in Time of Crisis. Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice, </span></i>Cambridge 2006, p. 63.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn34"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title="" id="_ftn34"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[34]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> See press releases available at: <a href="quot;https:/www.france24.com/en/20200316-france-set-to-postpone-second-round-of-local-elections-over-coronavirus-fears&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://www.france24.com/en/20200316-france-set-to-postpone-second-round-of-local-elections-over-coronavirus-fears</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 01 April 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn35"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title="" id="_ftn35"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[35]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> See press releases available at: <a href="quot;https:/www.euronews.com/2020/03/15/germany-bavaria-s-municipal-elections-go-ahead-despite-coronavirus-concerns&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://www.euronews.com/2020/03/15/germany-bavaria-s-municipal-elections-go-ahead-despite-coronavirus-concerns</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 01 April 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn36"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title="" id="_ftn36"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[36]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> See press releases available at: <a href="quot;https:/edition.cnn.com/2020/03/16/politics/state-primaries-postponed-coronavirus/index.html&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink0" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/16/politics/state-primaries-postponed-coronavirus/index.html</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 01 April 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn37"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title="" id="_ftn37"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;"><span style="color:black">[37]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> It is also planned to enable general postal voting – see press releases available at: <a href="quot;https:/www.dorzeczy.pl/kraj/134753/nasza-rola-jest-niedopuszczenie-do-chaosu-witek-w-oredziu-o-wyborach-prezydenckich.html&amp;quot"><span class="Hyperlink1" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="text-decoration:underline"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:black">https://www.dorzeczy.pl/kraj/134753/nasza-rola-jest-niedopuszczenie-do-chaosu-witek-w-oredziu-o-wyborach-prezydenckich.html</span></span></span></span></a> (access: 01 April 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 16 Apr 2020 14:15:37 +0000 filip.bator 1059 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Determined fight against the epidemic without violating the constitution – an analysis of Hungarian solutions https://en.ordoiuris.pl/civil-liberties/determined-fight-against-epidemic-without-violating-constitution-analysis-hungarian <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Determined fight against the epidemic without violating the constitution – an analysis of Hungarian solutions <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>czw., 04/16/2020 - 16:08</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">European countries are introducing various types of regulations to fight the coronavirus epidemic. The solutions implemented in Hungary have attracted international public attention. The country has introduced strict penalties for such offences as violations of the rules of mandatory quarantine or the dissemination of false information that make maintaining safety more difficult. At the same time, the Hungarian authorities have applied a number of measures to mitigate the socio-economic effects of the epidemic. However, the introduction of Act XII has been unfavourably received by some politicians, including the former President of the European Council Donald Tusk. The Act is intended to be an excuse for the removal of Hungary’s governing Fidesz party from the European People’s Party. The Ordo Iuris Institute analysed the solutions implemented in Hungary.</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><a href="http://en.ordoiuris.pl/civil-liberties/analysis-legal-measures-adopted-hungary-combat-covid-19-epidemic"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">READ THE ANALYSIS</span></span></strong></span></span></a></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The Hungarian authorities had reacted to the threat of the epidemic even before the first coronavirus case was discovered in the country. One of the first decisions was to organise sanitary checks at border crossings. Measures were also taken to prepare the health care system for the expected epidemic. A hotline and a website with information about possible risks were launched, hospitals and laboratories were inspected, and prisoners became involved in the production of protective measures.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The first case of coronavirus infection in Hungary was confirmed on 4 March 2020, and already on 11 March, the government decided to introduce a state of emergency, which is equivalent to the state of natural disaster provided for in the Polish Constitution. This solution involves equipping the Hungarian government with special powers, in particular, the power to issue decrees that are valid for 15 days. The government may extend the duration of the decrees with the approval of the National Assembly. In such a situation, the Hungarian Constitution indicates only that the decrees shall expire no later than at the moment of the end of the state of emergency.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The government decrees primarily introduced restrictions on movement within Hungary, banned gatherings and imposed an obligation to keep a distance from other people. Border controls have also been reintroduced. The authorities have restricted commercial and restaurant activities.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The government has also introduced a number of measures to help entrepreneurs who are at risk of losses due to the epidemic. The measures include the total or partial waiving of certain public contributions between March and June 2020. It is also possible to trade food products and other goods without the required notifications and registration, provided that a contract is concluded with a given business establishment. Similar facilitations apply to mail-order trade. Simultaneously, the government is to continue the payment of family income support benefits.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">On 31 March, the National Assembly adopted Act XII which approves all the decrees previously issued by the government but does not extend this approval to future acts. It also contains a reservation that the National Assembly may withdraw its approval of the decrees at any time. They will then cease to be valid even before the end of the state of emergency.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The Act also introduced severe penalties for violations of quarantine rules, which can be punishable by imprisonment of up to three years. However, if another person dies as a result of this violation, the sentence may be as high as eight years’ imprisonment. The spread of disinformation which would make it more difficult to ensure the safety of citizens is also punishable. In the event of any states of emergency, the sentence may be as high as five years’ imprisonment.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">‘It is not true that the Act removes the Hungarian National Assembly’s control over the government’s actions. First of all, it only approved previously issued decrees, while at the same time giving the Parliament the power to withdraw that approval. Secondly, the Act clearly obliges the government to report systematically to the National Assembly. If it is not possible for the government to meet, it obliges the representatives of the parliamentary groups to report the actions taken to combat the epidemic. The Act has also secured the functioning of the Hungarian Constitutional Court by allowing proceedings with the use of electronic communication. All elements of the “check and balance” have therefore been preserved’, explains attorney Bartosz Zalewski from Ordo Iuris.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" style="text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The Act does not specify when the emergency will end. The Hungarian Constitution does not provide for a precise regulation in this respect either. This means that the situation may continue as long as there is a threat of an epidemic.</span></span></span></span></p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2020-04/AdobeStock_198984695_0.jpeg?itok=q9sixR0I" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ordo-iuris" hreflang="pl">Ordo Iuris</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/hungary" hreflang="pl">hungary</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/analysis" hreflang="pl">analysis</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/coronavirus" hreflang="pl">coronavirus</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/epidemic" hreflang="pl">epidemic</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-przypisy--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-przypisy.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-przypisy.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div><div id="ftn1"> <p class="PrzypisdolnyA" style="border:none; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 16 Apr 2020 14:08:18 +0000 filip.bator 1060 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Depopulation and ‘reproductive rights’ instead of helping poor countries – a planned UN Commission document https://en.ordoiuris.pl/life-protection/depopulation-and-reproductive-rights-instead-helping-poor-countries-planned-un <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Depopulation and ‘reproductive rights’ instead of helping poor countries – a planned UN Commission document <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>śr., 04/08/2020 - 17:17</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The 53rd session of the UN Commission on Population and Development was to take place at the turn of March and April. The event was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic. The proposed final document of the session includes postulates for ensuring ‘reproductive and sexual rights’ and implementing depopulation concepts. According to the authors of the draft act, the implementation of these objectives is supposed to be a way of combating malnutrition in the world. At the same time, they ignore the fact of food waste and the problems of its distribution.</span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In theory, the aim of the population conferences and sessions of the Commission on Population and Development is to improve the world's humanitarian situation. This session was supposed to be devoted to problems related to nutrition and food distribution. In reality, however, the draft document contains depopulationist postulates, also related to the promotion of birth control.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The proposed act makes little reference to the problem of malnutrition and hunger in Africa. Its main message is a controversial assumption that natural resources are shrinking and population is growing, which supposedly is the reason why hunger still prevails in the world. One of the excerpts from the draft document directly indicates that the key to fighting malnutrition in the world is to promote ‘sexual and reproductive health and rights’ (par. 19). All of this to have fewer children born and, consequently, fewer people to feed. At the same time, the authors of the act do not notice that, according to estimates, about </span></span><a href="http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-agriculture/en/" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:#0563c1">1.3 billion tons of food is wasted every year.</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> They also ignore numerous voices of experts pointing out that the main problem is not the lack of food, but difficulties with its distribution and accessibility. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The Commission on Population and Development is one of the eight commissions of the UN Economic and Social Council. It has been operating since 1946, and since 1994 its main task is to monitor the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo. This conference is the reason why the concept of ‘reproductive rights’ has entered the official international discourse. Ultimately, due to opposition from many countries, the conceptual scope of this term has been largely limited (although it is still controversial). It was also made clear that abortion cannot be seen as one of the methods of family planning, and countries are obliged to prevent it. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; margin-right:0cm; margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">“The UN bodies associated with population and development have been promoting neo-Malthusian ideas for decades. Population growth - that is the birth of new children - has been shown as a problem and a threat to global security. Therefore, instead of focusing on solving humanity’s most pressing problems, they promote depopulation and birth control, to be achieved through the so-called reproductive and sexual rights. Therefore, the fact that such postulates were included in a document on the problems related to the fight against malnutrition is not surprising,” said Karolina Pawłowska, Director of the Center of International Law of Ordo Iuris Institute.</span></span></span></span></p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2020-04/AdobeStock_78115139_0.jpeg?itok=L6UDocMB" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Adobe Stock</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/depopulation" hreflang="pl">depopulation</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/united-nations" hreflang="pl">United nations</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/reproductive-rights" hreflang="pl">reproductive rights</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ordo-iuris" hreflang="pl">Ordo Iuris</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/coronavirus" hreflang="pl">coronavirus</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Wed, 08 Apr 2020 15:17:24 +0000 filip.bator 1055 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl