aborcja https://en.ordoiuris.pl/aborcja pl Opinion of amici curiae regarding declaration of the non-conformity of Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Act of 7 January 1993 https://en.ordoiuris.pl/opinion-amici-curiae-regarding-declaration-non-conformity-article-4a-paragraph-1-subparagraph-2-and <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--title--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> Opinion of amici curiae regarding declaration of the non-conformity of Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Act of 7 January 1993 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--title--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--analiza-prawna.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--analiza-prawna.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>śr., 10/21/2020 - 12:38</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--body--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Opinion of <i>amici curiae </i></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">regarding declaration of the non-conformity of Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Act of 7 January 1993 on family planning, protection of the human foetus and admissibility conditions for the termination of pregnancy (Journal of Laws of 1993 No. 17, item 78, as amended) with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (case K 1/20)</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">I. Introductory remarks</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"> </p> <ol><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In the motion dated 19 November 2019, a group of Members of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland requested declaration of non-conformity of Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Act of 7 January 1993 on family planning, protection of the human foetus and admissibility conditions for the termination of pregnancy<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i> </i>(hereinafter as the Abortion Act) with Article 30 of the Polish Constitution, as they legalize eugenic practices towards an unborn child, thus denying him the respect and protection of his dignity (case K 1/20).</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In the event of failure to take into account of the above described allegation, the Applicants formulated a potential motion in which they demand that Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act be declared non-conformant with Article 38 in conjunction with Article 30 and 31 paragraph 3 and with Article 38 in conjunction with Article 32 paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Polish Constitution since they legalize eugenic practices in the field of the right to life of an unborn child and make the protection of the right to life of an unborn child dependent on his health condition, which is a form of prohibited direct discrimination, and that Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act be declared non-conformant with Article 38 in conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 and in conjunction with Article 2 and Article 42 of the Polish Constitution since they legalize termination of pregnancy without sufficient justification with the need to protect another value, constitutional law or freedom, and use indefinite criteria of this legalization, thus violating constitutional guarantees for human life.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 of the Abortion Act establishes eugenic conditions for termination of pregnancy, which can be performed by a doctor in the event that prenatal tests or other medical conditions indicate a high probability of severe and irreversible impairment of the foetus or an incurable disease threatening his life. In accordance with Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act, in the case of determining a high probability of a serious and irreversible impairment or an incurable disease threatening the life of a conceived child, killing him is possible until he is able to live independently outside the mother's womb.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Human life and dignity of a human being constitute basic values, subject to legal protection. The obligation incumbent on public authorities to ensure this protection applies to all phases of human life, from its conception to natural death. It is guaranteed both by the Polish Constitution and by numerous international treaties that are binding for the Republic of Poland. Deep concern for universal values such as human dignity and legal protection of human life, which constitute the very foundations of European civilization and contemporary legal orders, makes it impossible to remain silent in this proceeding. Therefore, <b>signatories of the present opinion wish to express their position, namely that:</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act is inconsistent with Article 2, Article 30 and Article 38 in conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution.</span></u></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="5"><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:list 25.1pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Pursuant to Article 9 of the Polish Constitution: “The Republic of Poland shall respect international law binding upon it”. At the same time, all international treaties that Poland is a party to, must be in line with the Polish Constitution (see<i> </i>Article 188 subparagraph 1 of the Polish Constitution), however, they prevail over statutes if they were ratified with prior consent granted by a statute (see Article 91 of the Polish Constitution). This is precisely the nature of i.a. all international treaties concerning freedom, civic rights or obligations stipulated in the Constitution (Article 89 paragraph 1 subparagraph 1 of the Polish Constitution). Thus, taking into account the content of the mentioned provisions of the Polish Constitution, which determine the place of international treaties in the system of sources of law commonly binding in the Republic of Poland, it is justified to make references in the subsequent part of the deliberations, not only to the Polish Constitution itself (which is quoted as a model), but also to international treaties which were ratified by Poland.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin:0cm"> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">II. Unborn child as a subject of human rights in the light of international law</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"> </p> <ol start="6"><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The issue of protection of human life at the prenatal stage of development fits into the general discourse concerning human rights, or – to phrase it differently – it is a component of a set of rights that every man is entitled to, rooted already in the natural law (supra-positive).<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a> There is no rational basis to deprive children who were conceived but not born yet of the guarantee of legal protection of their life. In literature, it is often emphasized that a human passes through various stages of development whilst maintaining his or her subjective identity: “A human embryo is a whole living member of the species <i>Homo</i> <i>sapiens</i> in the earliest stage of his or her natural development. Unless denied a suitable environment, an embryonic human being will by directing its own integral organic functioning develop himself or herself to the next more mature developmental stage, <i>i.e</i>., the foetal stage. The embryonic, foetal, infant, child, and adolescent stages are stages in the development of a determinate and enduring entity — a human being — who comes into existence as a single cell organism and develops, if all goes well, into adulthood many years later.”<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a> This means that legal protection envisaged in the international law as well as in internal law is a right of every human – before just like after birth. Physical immaturity of a child that is just forming in the mother's womb, combined with a severe handicap or disease should predestine him to receive special protection from public authorities, and provide him - as soon as there is medical opportunity – with treatment or palliative care in conditions ensuring respect for the inherent dignity of a conceived as well as newly born child. Unfortunately, in the current legal situation, such children are deprived of legal protection, they can be killed on the basis of the probability of disability or illness.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The right of unborn children to legal protection of their lives is based in numerous international treaties, in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 20 November 1989<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (hereinafter as: the Convention on the Rights of the Child). Pursuant to its Preamble – referring to the Declaration on the Rights of the Child of 1959 - every human being can enjoy the rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights <b>regardless of any differences arising from the circumstances of his or her birth, and the child - due to his physical and mental immaturity - needs special safeguards and care, including proper legal protection, both before and after birth</b></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In accordance with Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, drawn up in Vienna on 23 May 1969<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref5"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (hereinafter as: the Vienna Convention): “1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. 1. The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes […]”. Therefore, it must be stated that the interpretation of all provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child must take into account the content of its preamble, and therefore the provisions of the Convention also apply to a conceived child who is still unborn.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref6"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">It is in this context that Article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child should be comprehended, which defines a child as “every human being below the age of eighteen years”. It is also worth noting, as is emphasized in the literature, that the Convention stresses subjectivity of the child.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref7"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a> As E. Verhellen pointed out: “…children’s rights are understood as the human rights of children, i.e. fundamental claims for the realisation of social justice and human dignity for children. The right to participate in democratic decision-making, to autonomy and to exercise rights independently are important aspects of how to realise these claims. The ontological view behind the children’s rights movement and the changing child image that accompanies it, is that children are human beings. Therefore, children are entitled to all human rights. Children do not need to be given rights, they have them.”<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref8"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a> In the context of the quoted provisions of the Convention, it should be stated that the remarks of E. Verhellen fully apply to a conceived child who is still unborn.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref9"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <b>Considering the content of the preamble to the Convention, one cannot have the slightest doubt that every human being is a child from the moment of conception (the connection of male and female gametes) until the day on which he or she reaches the age of 18.<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref10"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></b></span></span></a> Unborn children always enjoy all human rights to the same extent as children after birth.</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Moreover, it needs to be reminded that <b>the rights set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child belong to all children on an equal basis</b>. Article 2 of the Convention expressly prohibits the use of any discrimination in this regard: “1. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status. 2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members.” It is clear from the above that circumstances such as the moment of birth, age, disability, etc., cannot justify differentiation of the child's legal status.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Analysis of the content of Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref11"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (hereinafter as: the Declaration of Human Rights) leads to similar conclusions. It states that <i>everyone</i> is entitled to enjoy all rights and freedoms proclaimed in the content of the Declaration, irrespective of differences in race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or any other status. As R. Joseph, correctly notes, the term <i>everyone</i> indicates that the provisions of the Declaration also apply to an unborn child.<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref12"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The universal nature of human rights, which essentially are the rights of every being that belongs to the human species, was already raised during the work on the Declaration of Human Rights. A.J. Lien pointed out that “Human rights are universal rights or enabling qualities of human beings <b>as human beings</b> or as individuals of human race, attaching to the human being wherever he appears, without regard to time, place, colour, sex, parentage or environment. They are really the <b>keystone of the dignity of man</b>.” [bolding by the author of the present opinion].<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref13"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The fact that the Author uses the phrase <i>human being </i>is a proof of the broadest possible subjective scope of the human rights formulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In the literature on the subject, sometimes an attempt is made to create an artificial distinction – most often ideologically motivated – between the terms <i>person</i> and <i>human being</i>, although in fact they have the same and identical scope of meaning. The term <i>human being</i> is by some authors treated – completely wrongly – as broader in meaning than the term <i>person</i>, allegedly referring only to people already born.<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref14"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a> What is worth emphasizing, U. Soirila, while explaining the difference between the terms <i>human being</i> and <i>person</i>, pointed out that history knows cases when the term <i>person</i> was not referred to slaves, women or children. Currently, this is done in relation to conceived and yet unborn children.<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref15"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a> This historical parallel is not only very meaningful, but also extremely accurate. Thus, regardless of certain unjustified discrepancies which occur in the literature, one must explicitly support the identicality of the terms <i>human being</i> and <i>person</i>, which in the field of international law always mean every man, and therefore also the unborn child.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Provisions similar in content to Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are also present in other international treaties. In this context one can point out Article 2 paragraph 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref16"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[16]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> (hereinafter as: ICCPR), which states that: “Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status”. States Parties of the ICCPR have therefore undertaken to respect the rights set out in it, regardless of whether a person has already been born or is still in the prenatal period. In the light of the aforementioned provision, it should also be assumed that the obligation to ensure the rights and freedoms guaranteed in the ICCPR, including the legal protection of life, is enjoyed by every person regardless of age (Article 2 paragraph 1 speaks of “or other status”).</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> A similar provision is contained in Article 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref17"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[17]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> (hereinafter as: ECHR), which states that: “The High Contracting Parties shall secure to everyone within their jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in Section I of this Convention”. Also in the case of ECHR, R. Joseph’s comments concerning the conceptual scope of <i>everyone</i><a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref18"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a> remain valid. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Once again, it must be repeated that the term <i>everyone</i> means every person, and therefore also the unborn child. The content of this Convention cannot be changed even by the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The provisions of the Abortion Act included in the review of the Constitutional Tribunal </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">make abortion admissible </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">in situations of high probability of disability or fatal disease of the conceived child</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. In<i> </i>fact<i> </i>it means <b>legal admissibility of negative selection of unborn children due to their health condition and results in </b></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">physical elimination of people suspected of disability or illness, which in an unspecified, although presumably short time, will result in the death of the child</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In this regard, it should be stressed that, according to the preamble of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 2006</span><a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref19"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">children with disabilities should fully enjoy all human rights, on an equal basis with other children and taking into account the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. Referring to this legal document, one must also emphasise that in the reservation presented by Poland during ratification of the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities it was clearly stated that </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 25a cannot be interpreted as a way of confirming the right of an individual to abortion or ordering the state to provide access to it.<a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref20"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">It should also be pointed out that permissibility of abortion due to probability of a serious and irreversible impairment of a conceived child or a life-threatening illness is a manifestation of eugenic practices that should not be allowed in a democratic and law-abiding state</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">As is rightly noted in the literature on the subject, eugenic practices constitute “</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">the biggest attacks on human rights.”<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref21"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Analysing the issue of the status of a conceived child as a subject of human rights, one should refer to opinions, recommendations, guidelines and other similar documents issued by international committees monitoring compliance with UN conventions. It should be emphasized that there is no uniform position of committees monitoring compliance with UN conventions on legal protection of life of an unborn child.</span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The United Nations </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> has agreed that</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">: “Laws which explicitly allow for abortion on grounds of impairment violate the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Article 4,5,8).”<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref22"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">However, contrary to this, other Committees, including above all – which is particularly regrettable – the Committee on the Rights of the Child, try to exert pressure on the States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child so that they lower the standard of legal protection of conceived life by providing so-called “access to abortion.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">”<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref23"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">It should be noted that all documents and recommendations issued by such bodies are only suggestions and do not constitute a source of binding international law. It should be made clear that the core task of committees set up in UN conventions is to examine reports submitted by States Parties</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> and </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">to make concluding observations or general comments regarding the reports submitted</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The committees do not have the power to change the content of the treaties on the basis of which they were established, to introduce into them new regulations or reinterpret the existing ones, to make legally valid (binding) interpretation of any international treaties or to issue binding suggestions, recommendations or general comments (which is particularly evident in the example of Part V of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 18 December 1979).</span><a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref24"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[24]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> </span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">It should be emphasized that contrary to some opinions that are devoid of any legal basis, the international law binding on the Republic of Poland does not recognize the concept of the “right to abortion</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">”. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">It is worth invoking the general rule of law, according to which</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> <i>ex iniuria ius non oritur, </i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">i.e. one cannot derive law from lawlessness</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Therefore, there is no such structure as “subjective right to abortion” - neither in Polish law nor in international law binding on Poland.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">From the presented review of international obligations of the Republic of Poland and the arguments outlined, it is indisputably evident that a child who has been conceived but not born yet, is a man, and is therefore the subject of human rights</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The child is entitled to these rights as a being belonging to the human species, with a unique genetic code that distinguishes the child from the mother in whose womb he is present</span><a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref25"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Such a child has his own </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">dignity, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">respect and protection of which, is the responsibility of public authorities.</span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Basic condition for the respect of human dignity is to provide, without any exception, every unborn child </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">with legal safeguards of the protection of his life that will, in </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">an effective and actual manner, secure the child against attempts at depriving him of his life by other people, that is, causing his death, both before and after birth</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">III. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Assessment of conformity of</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> the reviewed provisions with Article 30 of the Polish Constitution and with international law standards concerning protection of human dignity</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"> </p> <ol start="22"><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:list 0cm left 24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Both the provisions of the Polish Constitution relating to freedoms and rights of humans and citizens, and the international system of human rights protection is built around inherent dignity of the human being </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">(lat. <i>dignitas humana</i>)<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref26"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">which distinguishes the man from all other beings.</span><a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref27"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">There is therefore no “human right to dignity” because it is itself the source of all his freedoms and rights, which – as the French legal historian J. Gaudemet pointed out – have since the eighteenth century been sometimes referred to as “fundamental rights</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">”.<a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref28"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Pursuant to Article 30 of the Polish Constitution: “The inherent and inalienable dignity of the person shall constitute a source of freedoms and rights of persons and citizens. It shall be inviolable. The respect and protection thereof shall be the obligation of public authorities”. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">As emphasized in the literature on the subject</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">: “The first general principle is dignity: as an inherent and an inalienable essence of human being. Dignity constitutes a source of all freedoms and rights of any person and citizen. Dignity is inviolable, which means that it cannot be relinquished even by the act of freewill man. Being the first and the most important general principle dignity is defined here by the description of its characteristics. According to the Constitution dignity belongs to each human, is a personal and indefeasible right rooted in Constitution and the state is responsible for its protection. Until now, it can be said that for the Polish lawmaker dignity is the cornerstone of the Polish state. It, is the source of all freedoms and rights and is rooted in natural law.”<a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref29"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The close connection between the protection of human dignity and legal guarantees of the protection of human life was noticed in the jurisprudence of the Polish Constitutional</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> Tribunal. </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In its judgment of 27 January 2004, the</span></b> <b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Tribunal stated: “</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">There can be no protection of human dignity if there are no sufficient grounds to protect life.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">”</span></b><a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref30"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In the light of the standards of international law, it should be recognized that actions discriminating against people with disabilities result in violation of their inherent dignity</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Such a conclusion can be derived from the preamble to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, according to which <b>discrimination against anyone on the basis of disability</b> </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">“</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">is a violation of the inherent dignity and value of the human person</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">”</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">It should be pointed out that in the context of the said Convention, discrimination based on disability means</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">: “any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. It includes all forms of discrimination, including denial of reasonable accommodation” (<i>see</i> Article 2 of the Convention).</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The preamble to the Convention on the Rights of the Child also refers to human dignity.</span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Already in the introduction, it stipulates that recognizing the inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">As regards children with disabilities, it has been assumed that a child with a mental or physical disability should be provided <b>full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child's active participation in the community.</b></span><b> </b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">(Article 23 paragraph 1 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">of the Convention on the Rights of the Child</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">). </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Eugenic abortion obviously nullifies any chances for this opportunity. Furthermore, in the light of the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, children with disabilities should</span> <b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">be enjoying special care on the part of public authorities</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">: “States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care and shall encourage and ensure the extension, subject to available resources, to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child's condition and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child” (Article 23 paragraph 2 of the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Convention on the Rights of the Child</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">). Giving up punishment for eugenic abortion – </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">which is in fact introduced by the challenged statutory provisions</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> – </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">not only does not implement the provisions of the Convention, but is a clear example of negation of the letter and the spirit of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Dignity of the unborn child has also been recognized in the case law of the <b>Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter as: “the CJEU”)</b></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> The Court – referring to the content of <span style="background:white">Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the Legal Protection of biotechnological inventions</span><a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref31"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a> – </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">noted that dignity is vested from the moment of connection of human male and female gametes, which begins the process of human development in the prenatal phase</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">: </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background:white" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">In that regard, the preamble to the Directive (Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the Legal Protection of biotechnological inventions </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">– the author's note<span style="background:white">) states that although it seeks to promote investment in the field of biotechnology, use of biological material originating from humans must be consistent with regard for fundamental rights and, in particular, the dignity of the person. Recital 16 in the preamble to the Directive, in particular, emphasises that «patent law must be applied so as to respect the fundamental principles safeguarding the dignity and integrity of the person». To that effect, as the Court has already held, Article 5(1) of the Directive provides that the human body at the various stages of its formation and development cannot constitute a patentable invention. Additional security is offered by Article 6 of the Directive, which lists as contrary to <i>ordre public </i>or morality, and therefore excluded from patentability, processes for cloning human beings, processes for modifying the germ line genetic identity of human beings and uses of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposes. Recital 38 in the preamble to the Directive states that this list is not exhaustive and that all processes the use of which offends against human dignity are also excluded from patentability (see <i>Netherlands</i> v <i>Parliament and Council</i>, paragraphs 71 and 76). The context and aim of the Directive thus show that the European Union legislature intended to exclude any possibility of patentability where respect for human dignity could thereby be affected. It follows that the concept of ‘human embryo’ within the meaning of Article 6(2)(c) of the Directive must be understood in a wide sense. Accordingly, any human ovum must, as soon as fertilised, be regarded as a «human embryo» within the meaning and for the purposes of the application of Article 6(2)(c) of the Directive, since that fertilisation is such as to commence the process of development of a human being.”</span><a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref32"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a> The CJEU </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">also stressed that human embryos encompass also unfertilised human ova into which a cell nucleus from a mature human cell was implanted and unfertilised human ova whose division and development has been stimulated by parthenogenesis.</span><a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref33"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Also the </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">European Court of Human Rights</span></b> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">in the case <i>Vo v. France </i>admitted that “it may be regarded as common ground between States that the embryo/foetus belongs to the human race. The potentiality of that being and its capacity to become a person […] require protection in the name of human dignity […].”<a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref34"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background:white" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">Although the Court did not deduce from the correctly determined premise that the conceived child is fully protected under</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> <span style="background:white">Article</span> <span style="background:white">2 of the ECHR</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background:white" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">, </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background:white" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">some of the judges submitting a dissentings opinions in Vo v. France pointed out at this logical consequence</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background:white" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">. Judge</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> G. Ress </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">stated that there had been a violation of Article 2 of the ECHR in the subject matter adjudicated by the Court, and, therefore, that is was applicable to an unborn child</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">: “The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Article 31 § 1) requires treaties to be interpreted in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its objects and purpose. The ordinary meaning can only be established from the text as a whole. Historically, lawyers have understood the notion of «everyone» («toute personne») as including the human being before birth and, above all, the notion of «life» as covering all human life commencing with conception, that is to say from the moment an independent existence develops until it ends with death, birth being but a stage in that development.”<a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref35"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In the conclusions, Judge G. Ress stated</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">: “Since I consider that Article 2 applies to human beings even before they are born, an interpretation which seems to me to be consistent with the approach of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and since France does not afford sufficient protection to the foetus against the negligent acts of third parties, I find that there has been a violation of Article 2 of the Convention. As regards the specific measures necessary to discharge that positive obligation, that is a matter for the respondent State, which should either take strict disciplinary measures or afford the protection of the criminal law (against unintentional homicide).”<a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref36"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a> Similar were the conclusions reached by judge A. Mularoni and judge V. Strážnická.<a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref37"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">References to human dignity of a conceived child are also found in the documents issued by the Council of Europe. In accordance with recommendation 1046 of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of 1986 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">“…human embryos and foetuses must be treated in all circumstances with the respect due to human dignity…”.<a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref38"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Legislation that does not ensure or deprive a person of legal protection of his or her life is, at the same time, an expression of disrespect for dignity, which is a source of freedom and human rights, and betrays the absolute order to protect it</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. In the light of such legislation – as, for example, contested in the present case – a man is reduced to an object of law, which accepts the legal fiction of the lack of the man’s own subjectivity as a human being, which is completely inadmissible pursuant to <b>Article 30 of the Polish Constitution</b>. It should be remembered that the Constitutional Tribunal stated: “The basic attribute of a man is his life. Deprivation of life, therefore, annihilates the man as a subject of rights and obligations. If the core of the principle of the rule of law is a set of basic directives derived from the essence of a democratically made law and guaranteeing a minimum level of justice, then the first such directive must be to respect, in the rule of law, values without which any legal subjectivity is excluded, i.e. human life from the beginning of its creation. A democratic state of law puts the man and the interests most valuable to him as the prime value. One of them is life, which in a democratic state of law must remain under constitutional protection at every stage of its development.”<a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref39"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">It should be stated, therefore, that nothing is more dehumanizing and aimed against inherent dignity than depriving a human (at any stage of development) of the legal protection of his life. This leads to the conclusion that Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act are not conformant with Article 30 of the Polish Constitution, as well as the provisions contained in the above-mentioned acts of international law, which enjoin the protection of personal dignity.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">IV. Assessment of conformity of the reviewed provisions with Article 38 in conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution and with international law standards regarding the legal protection of human life (right to life)</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"> </p> <ol start="32"><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Eminent French philosopher and co-creator of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Jacques Maritain pointed out that the right to life, which he also defined as the <i>right to</i> <i>existence</i>, is a fundamental right of a <i>human person as such.</i><a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref40"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a> This statement should be recalled, because the right to life of every human being guarantees the possibility of exercising all other rights. It is vested in every man due to the fact that he is a subject and never an object of rights.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Pursuant Article 38 of the Polish Constitution: “<span style="background:white">The Republic of Poland shall ensure the legal protection of the life of every human being</span>”. The quoted provision does not make the scope of this protection conditional on the stage of human life. This view was also expressed by the Polish Constitutional Tribunal in its ruling of 27 May 1997, in which it stated that: “</span>The quality of a constitutionally protected legal value<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, which is human life, including life developing in the prenatal phase, cannot be differentiated. There are no sufficiently precise and justified criteria allowing for such a differentiation based on the development phase of human life. Since its creation, human life becomes a constitutionally protected value. This also applies to the prenatal phase.”<a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref41"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The quoted ruling is of fundamental importance for assessing the constitutionality of the provisions subject to review in the present case.<a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref42"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a> It is pointed out in Polish legal studies that: “The conclusion of the ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal provides that the status of a human being in the Polish legal system may not be determined by the statutory provisions. The competence of the law maker does not include making decisions about capacity of the human being to be the subjects of rights and even about the every human’s right to life, «without which any capacity to be the subject of rights is excluded».”<a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref43"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The view expressed in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal was also shared by the Polish Supreme Court (Civil Chamber), which in the judgment of 26 November 2014 stated: “When </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">analysing</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> the problem of applying Article 446 § 4 of the Civil Code in this case, it is necessary to take into account the regulations included in the Polish </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">legal system, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">in the light of which both the foetus and the unborn child are protected by law. The right to life is a constitutional value, Article 38 of the Constitution provides every human being with legal protection of life.”<a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref44"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In the Supreme Court judgment (the Chamber of Labo</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">u</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">r</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> Law</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, Social Insurance and Public Affairs) passed on 30 November 2016 (III PK 17/16), it was underscored that “</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">in the Polish legal system, it is a principle that – regardless of normative changes made – the applicable regulations stress the subjective nature of <i>nasciturus.</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">”</span></i><a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref45"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[45]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In turn, in the Supreme Court jurisprudence (Criminal Chamber) it was noted that on the basis of the standard of protection of life contained in Article 38 of the Constitution</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">: “a criminal law model is possible in which </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">criminal liability for unintentional actions taken against a conceived child would be envisaged, and also which would at the same time introduce uniform intensity of life protection from conception.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">”<a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref46"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[46]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> Therefore, “</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Polish criminal law protects human life from conception to death</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. (…) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">It is obvious that the mere existence of the provisions: Article</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> 152, 153 and Article 157a </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">of the Criminal Code exclude any doubt as to the fact that human life and health are protected from conception to death</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">.”<a href="#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref47"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[47]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">It should also be emphasized that the right to life is one of the most important (and, in fact, the most important) of human rights articulated in acts of international law</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">According to</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person”. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The right to life – as shown in the Preamble to the Declaration – is enjoyed by “all members of the human family</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">”.<a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref48"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 6 paragraph 1 of ICCPR states, in turn, that: “Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life”. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">It should also be reminded that the right to life of an unborn child is underlined very clearly in </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 6 paragraph 5 of ICCPR, which </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">prohibits the execution of a death sentence on a pregnant woman</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">This provision results from recognition of the independent status of the unborn child in relation to his mother, which was clearly confirmed in the preparatory work on the Covenant. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Documents from preparatory work on the Covenant, which according to Article 32 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">of the Vienna Convention, constitute supplementary interpretative material, clearly state that <b>the main reason why death penalty should not be executed on pregnant women is</b> “</span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">to save the life of an innocent unborn child” and the </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">inspiration with humanitarian reasons and consideration of the interests of the unborn child.</span></b><a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref49"><b><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><b><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[49]</span></span></span></sup></b></span></sup></b></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> <b>Article 6 paragraph 5 of the Covenant </b></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">not only protects human life at the prenatal stage of development, but also fully respects his legal personality and inherent human rights.</span></b><a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref50"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Pursuant to </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 2 paragraph 1 of ECHR “Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law”. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">As previously emphasized, the term “everyone” means every person, and therefore also the unborn child</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In accordance with</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> Article 6 paragraph 1 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">of the Convention on the Rights of the Child</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">: “States Parties recognize that every child has the inherent right to life”. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">It should be emphasized that the term <i>every</i> <i>child</i> it also means every conceived child. This results both from the content of the preamble and from </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 1 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">of the Convention, as well as from the legislative technique adopted by the authors of the Convention, which assumes</span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">that the rights that are addressed only to children characterized by specific features contain an appropriate caveat in the content of the appropriate editorial unit, unless something different results from the essence of the law itself (this caveat, obviously, does not concern the legal protection of life, which by its very nature has a universal dimension</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">). </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">By way of example one may point to </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 7 paragraph 1 of the Convention, which </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">clearly states that the right to receive a name and acquire citizenship, as well as the right to know and to be cared for by his or her parents is only vested in the child who is already born</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. Article 12</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, on the other hand, limits the right of the child to express views on matters pertaining to him to children capable of forming their own views</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The obligation of life legal protection of life was clearly articulated also in </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 10 of the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">: “States Parties reaffirm that every human being has the inherent right to life and shall take all necessary measures to ensure its effective enjoyment by persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The fact that performing an abortion can never be treated as an ordinary “medical procedure” that deserves moral affirmation was reflected in the Resolution of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe No. 1763 of 2010, where it is clearly stated that it</span> <b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">leads to death of the conceived child</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, due to which it is necessary to ensure the right to refuse to perform it with the possibility of invoking conscientious objection</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">: “No person, hospital or institution shall be coerced, held liable or discriminated against in any manner because of a refusal to perform, accommodate, assist or submit to an abortion, the performance of a human miscarriage, or euthanasia or any act which could cause the death of a human foetus or embryo, for any reason.”<a href="#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref51"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The above findings lead to the obvious conclusion that </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act are contrary to Article 38 of the Polish Constitution and </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">those provisions of international treaties binding on the Republic of Poland that establish the right to life (guarantee the legal protection of life)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Eugenic abortion leads to physical elimination (interrupts the physical existence</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">of a conceived child due to negative (merely) assumption about the possible state of his health</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Determining the content of </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 38 of the Polish Constitution </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">does not end the analysis of the legal problem which is examined by the Constitutional Tribunal in the present case.</span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In a democratic state ruled by law, the exercise of human rights and freedoms (and thus their protection) may be subject to limitations due to the principle of proportionality and the so-called weighing of constitutional principles and values</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">This also applies to life of human being, the protection of which is not absolute.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> Pursuant to Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution: “Any limitation upon the exercise of constitutional freedoms and rights may be imposed only by statute, and only when necessary in a democratic state for the protection of its security or public order, or to protect the natural environment, health or public morals, or the freedoms and rights of other persons. Such limitations shall not violate the essence of freedoms and rights”.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The quoted provision provides the admissibility of limitation in the exercise of constitutional freedoms and rights on the fulfilment of certain conditions</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">First of all, these limitations must be included in a normative act with the rank of a statute.</span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Secondly, they are allowed only if they are necessary in a democratic state for the protection of its security or public order, or to protect the environment, health and public morals, or the freedoms and rights of others</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Thirdly, limitations must not violate the essence of the freedoms and rights they concern</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Although the provisions subject to review are included in a statute, they raise fundamental doubts from the perspective of the principle of specificity of law, a component of the democratic legal state. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Pursuant to the ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 30 October 2001: “</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background:white" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">Firstly, any provision limiting constitutional freedoms or rights should be formulated in a way that allows unambiguous determination of who and in what situation is subject to limitations</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background:white" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">. </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background:white" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">Secondly, this provision should be precise enough to ensure its uniform interpretation and application.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> <span style="background:white">Thirdly - such a provision should be formulated so that the scope of its application covers only those situations in which reasonably acting legislator actually meant to introduce a regulation limiting the exercise of constitutional freedoms and rights</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">”<a href="#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref52"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Both Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">do not satisfy the requirements formulated by the Tribunal in the aforementioned ruling</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">They use imprecise phrases such as “high probability”.</span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In the context of dynamic development of medical sciences, the term “incurable disease” is also difficult to interpret. The regulations also do not</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> state whether “incurable disease” must result in </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">a direct threat to life, or perhaps only a potential threat. This problem has been noticed in the legal literature</span><a href="#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref53"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">also provides for a catalogue of values</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, the protection of which can justify </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">a limitation of constitutional freedoms or rights</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">These are:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> [a] </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">public safety</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, [b] </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">or public order</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, [c] protection of </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">the environment</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, [d] </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">protection of public health</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, [e] </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">protection of public morals</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, [f] </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">freedoms and rights of others</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Due to the fact that protection of the life of a particular person occupies a very high position in the hierarchy of constitutional freedoms and rights, limiting legal protection of life is permissible only when it is “necessary in a democratic state”, whereby the premise of necessity must be interpreted very restrictively</span><a href="#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref54"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[54]</span></span></span></sup></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">This was best expressed by the Constitutional Tribunal:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> “</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The condition for limiting the right to legal protection of life is, therefore, a situation in which there is no doubt that it could not be reconciled with analogous rights of other people. This premise can be described generally as a requirement of symmetry of legal interests: of the devoted interest and the saved interest</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">”<a href="#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref55"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[55]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The Tribunal also noted:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> “</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In a democratic legal state, implementing the principles of social justice and protecting life and inalienable dignity of a man, it would be definitely unacceptable to limit the legal protection of human life in order to protect interests located lower in the constitutional hierarchy, e.g. property and other property rights, public morals protection of the environment or even the health of other people</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">.”<a href="#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref56"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[56]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">With this in mind, it should be stipulated that none of the values provided for in this catalogue can justify the admissibility of eugenic abortion.</span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">It is not justified by the grounds for protecting public health and the rights and freedoms of others, since the reviewed provisions do not concern the protection of mother's life and health</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. The issue of the conflict of legally significant interests – </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">i.e. the life of the unborn child and the life and health of his mother - was settled by</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 1 of the Abortion Act, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">which in the present case lies beyond the review of the Constitutional Tribunal, even though in the light of the regulations of the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Polish Constitution and </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">international obligations of the Republic of Poland, this provision</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> – </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">in the part covering the mother's health </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">– </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">is also difficult to consider compliant with legal provisions of higher legal force – in accordance with the system of sources of law adopted in the Polish Constitution - than a statute.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The permissibility of killing a conceived child due to <b>mere suspicion</b> (“high probability”) of illness or disability obviously violates the very essence of the right to provide legal protection of life, because its effect is the complete abolition of this protection.</span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">This is in obvious contradiction with </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 38 in conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution and the principle <i>in dubio pro vita humana</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> recognized in the case law of the Constitutional Tribunal</span><a href="#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref57"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Even if the regulations required <b>certainty</b> on the part of the doctor in this respect</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">it should be emphasized that the duty of the medical services is to rescue, treat or provide palliative care, and never to kill people in medical facilities</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Thus, it must be stated that Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act are in conflict with Article 38 in conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">because they abolish legal protection of the life of a conceived child who is suspected (without certainty) of an incurable illness or a serious and irreversible (but not necessarily life threatening) disability</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">which is not only not justified by the need (or even the possibility) of protecting any of the values indicated in</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB"> Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, but also violates the essence of the legal protection of life guaranteed in Article 38 of the Polish Constitution to every man.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">V. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Assessment of conformity of the reviewed provisions with Article 2 of the</span></b><b> </b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Polish</span></b><b> </b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Constitution</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <ol start="50"><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The protection of human dignity, which is not possible without effective legal protection of his life, is an obligation binding on the Republic of Poland under international treaties, which it undertook to observe</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Also the provisions of Chapter II of the Polish Constitution impose on public authorities the duty to respect and protect human dignity, which is the source of human and civil freedom, and in particular the right to legal protection of life, taking the most important place in the hierarchy of human freedoms and rights</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Violation of these laws by </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">has already been demonstrated above. At this point,</span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">it is worth drawing the attention to another provision of the Polish Constitution, which appears in the proposal of the group of deputies initiating proceedings in the present case, though not playing a leading role</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">. What is meant, is Article 2 of the Polish Constitution, according to which “The Republic of Poland shall be a democratic state ruled by law and implementing the principles of social justice.” </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">This provision formulates the supreme systemic principle, referring to the nineteenth-century concept of the state of law (<i>Rechtsstaat</i>), which, however, in history has had its good and bad aspects come into foreground. To, in fact, legitimate postulate of legalism – that the state authorities should act on the basis and within the limits of law – to meet the expectations attached to it, the content of the law must respect universal values.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">This axiological dependence was perfectly captured by the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, which in 1997 in a ruling confirming unconstitutionality of provisions legalizing abortion in the case of difficult living conditions or a difficult personal situation of the mother</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">, started the grounds of its ruling with a statement that should </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">be quoted </span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">in extenso</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">:<i> </i>“The basic attribute of a man is his life. Deprivation of life, therefore, annihilates the man as a subject of rights and obligations. If the core of the principle of the rule of law is a set of basic directives derived from the essence of a democratically made law and guaranteeing a minimum level of justice, then the first such directive must be to respect, in the rule of law, values without which any legal subjectivity is excluded, i.e. human life from the beginning of its creation. A democratic state of law puts the man and the interests most valuable to him as the prime value. One of them is life, which in a democratic state of law must remain under constitutional protection at every stage of its development. The value of a constitutionally protected legal right, which is human life, including life developing in the prenatal phase, cannot be differentiated.”<a href="#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref58"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[58]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In this ruling – probably the most important in its history – the Constitutional Tribunal perfectly captured the essence of a democratic state of law. A democratic state of law is one in which one cannot kill people, especially those innocent and most vulnerable – the unborn and the disabled</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">For these reasons, it is justified that the Constitutional Tribunal unequivocally reiterates and develops its apt findings from over 20 years ago, and states that Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act contradict also Article 2 of the Polish Constitution.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">VI. Summary</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm"> </p> <ol start="55"><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">To summarize the arguments presented in this opinion, it must be stated that the admissibility of depriving of life an unborn child who is highly likely to suffer from diseases or disabilities are inconsistent with Article 2, Article 30, Article 38 in conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution and numerous acts of international law. The reviewed legal provisions are very imprecise and do not take into consideration the current advancement of medical knowledge. Above all, however, they offend the human dignity of unborn children by depriving them of their legal guarantee of protection of life. In connection with this, we, the undersigned, present the following opinion:</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act are inconsistent with Article 2, Article 30, Article 38 in conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution.</span></u></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Prof. Dr. Manfred Spieker,</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Germany</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Prof. Bogdan Chazan</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">MaterCare Europe</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Slovakia Christiana,</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Slovakia</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Tomas Kovacik,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Association for Life and Family,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Slovakia</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Patrik Daniska</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">HFI</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Slovakia</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Federação Portuguesa pela Vida, </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Portugal</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Stefano Gennarini,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">C-Fam</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Francesca Romana Poleggi,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Pro Vita &amp; Familgia, </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Italy</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Edit Frivaldszky</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Human Dignity Center, </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Hungary</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Donna J. Harrison M.D.Executive Director,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">American Association of Pro-Life Obstetricians and Gynecologists –</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">The largest non-secretarian pro-life medical professional organization in the world</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Sharon Slater,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Family Watch International </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">United States of America </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Brian Brown</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">President, International Organization for the Family</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Washington, DC, United States of America</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">James Nolan, Esq.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">President, Crossroads Pro-Life</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">United States</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Människovärde</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Uppsala, Sweden</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Zeljka Markic,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">In the name of the family</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Croatia</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Diana Karveliene,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Free Society Institute,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Lithuania</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Alix Lejard,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Femina Europa</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">France</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Campagne Quebec – Vie, </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Canada</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Catholic Voice,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Ireland </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">CENAP,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Czech Republic</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Culture of Life Africa</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">European Life Network,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Ireland </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">National Association of Catholic Families (NACF),</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">England </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Society for the Protection of Unborn Children</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">London, England </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Population Research Institute,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">United States of America</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Voto Catolico Colombia,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Colombia</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Vigilare Foundation,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Croatia</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Personshood Alliance,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">United States of America</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Personshood Education,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">New York, United States of America</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Precious Life,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Northern Ireland </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cleveland Right to Life,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">United States of America</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm"> </p> <div>  <div id="ftn58"> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 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* field--field-przypisy.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div><div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Journal of Laws from 1993 No. 17, item 78 as amended.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Cf. J. Maritain, <i>Introduction, </i>[in:] <i>Human Rights. Comments and interpretations, </i>Paris 1948, p. V et seq.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> R.P. George, A. Gómez-Lobo, <i>The Moral Status of Human Embryo, </i>«Perspectives in Biology and Medicine» 48/2 (2005), pp. 201-202.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">UNTS vol. 1577, New York 1999, No. 27531 (1990), pp. 3-178; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Journal of Laws from 1991 No. 120, item 526 as amended.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn5"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> UNTS vol. 1155, New York 1987, No. 18232 (1980), p. 331-512; Journal of Laws from 1990 No. 74, item 439.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn6"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Cf. S. Yoshihara, <i>Human Rights and the Unborn Child by Rita Joseph </i>[review], «The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly» Autumn 2011, p. 600.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn7"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> E. Verhellen, <i>The Convention on the Rights of the Child. Reflections from a historical, social policy and educational perspective,</i> [in:] <i>Routledge International Handbook of Children’s Rights Studies</i>, [eds.] W. Vandenhole , E. Desmet , D. Reynaert , S. Lembrechts, London 2015, pp. 50-51.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn8"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ibid., pp.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> 45-46.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn9"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> P.A. Tozzi, <i>Sovereignties: Evaluating Claims for a ‘Right to Abortion’ under International Law, Protection of Human Life in Its Early Stage. Intellectual Foundations and Legal Means, </i>[ed.] A. Stępkowski, Frankfurt am Main 2014, p. 59.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn10"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn11"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> The Declaration was adopted as a Resolution 217/III A of the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948 – original text of the Declaration is available at: http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ (accessed: 26 September 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn12"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> R. Joseph, <i>Human Rights and the Unborn Child, </i>Leiden-Boston 2009, p. 63.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn13"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> A.J. Lien, <i>A Fragment of Thoughts concerning the Nature and the Fulfillment of Human Rights, </i>[in:]<i> Human Rights. Comments and interpretations, </i>Paris 1948, p. 11.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn14"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Cf. comments on mismatch of this differentiation by A. Stępkowski: <i>The Necessity for a Holistic Approach to Protecting Human Life, </i>[in:] <i>Protection of Human Life in Its Early Stage. Intellectual Foundations and Legal Means, </i>[ed.] A. Stępkowski, Frankfurt am Main 2014, p. 97 et seq.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn15"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> U. Soirila, <i>Persons and Things in International Law and “Law of Humanity”, </i>«German Law Journal» 18/5 (2017), p. 1164.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn16"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">UNTS vol. 999, New York 1983, No. 14668 (1976), p. 171-348; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Journal of Laws from 1977 r. No. 38, item 167. </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn17"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="color:#161616">ETS No.005;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Journal of Laws from 1993 r. No. 61, item 284 as amended. </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn18"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> R. Joseph, <i>op. cit.,</i> p. 63. </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn19"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> UNTS vol. 2515, New York 2011, No. 44910 (2008), p. 3-193; Journal of Laws from 2012 r., item 1169.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn20"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Publication pending in UNTS No. A-44910 – available at: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/No%20Volume/44910/A-44910-Poland-08000002804a471f.pdf (accessed: 26 September 2020). </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn21"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn21"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> J.M. Serrano Ruiz-Calder</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE">ό</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">n<i>, Eugenics as a Human Right, </i>[in:] <i>Protection of Human Life in Its Early Stage. Intellectual Foundations and Legal Means, </i>[ed.] A. Stępkowski, Frankfurt am Main 2014, p. 72.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn22"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn22"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Comments on the draft General Comment No. 36 of the Human Rights Committee on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CCPR/GCArticle6/CRPD.docx (accessed: 26 September 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn23"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn23"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Committee on the Rights of the Child: General Comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (Article 24), 2013, CRC/C/GC/15, http://www.refworld.org/docid/51ef9e134.html (accessed: 26 September 2020). See in particular § 31, 54, 70. Cf. also: J. Adolphe, <i>“New Rights” in Public International Family Law? What International Law Actually Says, </i>«Ave Maria Law Review» 10/1 (2011), p. 149 et seq.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn24"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn24"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">UNTS vol. 1249, New York 1990, No. 20378 (1979), p. 13-142; Journal of Laws from 1982 r. No. 10, item 71. </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn25"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn25"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> As the St. Pope John Paul II emphasized in his </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN">speech delivered on 5 October 1995 at the forum of the General Assembly of the United Nations</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">: “During my previous Visit to the United Nations on 2 October 1979, I noted that the quest for freedom in our time has its basis in those universal rights which human beings enjoy by the very fact of their humanity. It was precisely outrages against human dignity which led the United Nations Organization to formulate, barely three years after its establishment, that Universal Declaration of Human Rights which remains one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time” – see http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/1995/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_05101995_address-to-uno.html (accessed: 26 September 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn26"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn26"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Cf. M. Butrymowicz, <i>Human Dignity in Law – A Case Study of the Polish Legal System, </i>« The Person and the Challenges» 6/2 (2016), p. 87 et seq.; O. Schachter, <i>Human Dignity as a Normative Concept, </i>«The American Journal of International Law» 77 (1983), p. 848 et seq.; J. Adolphe, <i>The Legal Anthropology…, </i>p. 18-19; M. Lebech, <i>On the Problem of Human Dignity: A Hermeneutical and Phenomenological</i> <i>Investigation, </i>Würzburg 2009, p. 112 et seq.; A. Barak, <i>Human Dignity. The Constitutional Value and the Constitutional Right, </i>Cambridge 2015, p. 34 et seq.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn27"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn27"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Cf. J. Maritain, <i>The Rights of Man…, p.</i> 5-6.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn28"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn28"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="FR"> J. Gaudemt, <i>Des ‘droits de l’homme’ ont-ils été reconnus dans l’Empire romain?,</i> «Labeo» 33 (1987), p. 8.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn29"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn29"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"> M. Butrymowicz, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 92.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn30"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn30"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 27 January 2004, K 14/03, OTK ZU 2004/1A/1.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn31"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn31"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> OJ L 213, vol. 41, 30 July 1998, p. 13.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn32"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn32"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">See</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 18 October 2011. Oliver Brüstle v. Greenpeace eV., case C-34/10, par. 32-35.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn33"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn33"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ibid., </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">par. 36.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn34"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn34"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> ECHR 2004/16 Case of Vo v. France, 8 July 2004, No. 53924/00 (Grand Chamber), par. 84.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn35"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn35"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Dissenting opinion of judge G. Ress to ECHR 2004/16 Case of Vo v. France, 8 July 2004, No. 53924/00 (Grand Chamber), par. 4.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn36"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn36"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"> <i>Ibidem, </i>par. 9.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn37"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn37"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Dissenting opinion of judge A. Mularoni joined by judge V. Strážnická, to ECHR 2004/16 Case of Vo v. France, 8 July 2004, No. 53924/00 (Grand Chamber).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn38"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn38"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="background:white" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1046 (1986) on the use of human embryos and fetuses for diagnostic, therapeutic, scientific, industrial and commercial purposes </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">(http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=15080&amp;lang=en, accessed: 26 September 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn39"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn39"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 28 May 1997, ref. no. K 26/96, OTK 1997/2/19.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn40"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn40"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> J. Maritain, <i>The Rights of Man and Natural Law, </i>London 1944, p. 44 and 60.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn41"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn41"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 28 May 1997, ref. no. K 26/96, OTK 1997/2/19. <i>See</i> also: L. Bosek, [in:] <i>Medical Law: Cases and Commentaries, </i>[ed.] M. Safjan, Warsaw 2012, p. 44.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn42"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn42"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Also P.A. Tozzi seems to emphasize t</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN">he meaning of the quoted fragment of the ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">: <i>op. cit., p.</i> 63.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn43"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn43"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"> L. Bosek, <i>op. cit., p.</i> 45.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn44"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn44"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Judgment of the Supreme Court of 26 November 2014, III CSK 307/13, OSNC 2015/12/147.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn45"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn45"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Judgment of the Supreme Court of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">30 N</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">ovember</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> 2016, III PK 17/16.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn46"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn46"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Decision of the </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Supreme Court of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">30 October 2008, I KZP 13/08, OSNKW 2008/11/90/37.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn47"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn47"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Resolution of the Supreme Court of 26 October 2006, I KZP 18/06, OSNKW 2006/11/97/1.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn48"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn48"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> R.G. Wilkins, J. Reynolds, <i>International Law and the Right to Life, </i>«Ave Maria Law Review» 4/1 (2006), p. 124-125.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn49"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn49"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">See</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> A/3764 § 118. Report of the Third Committee to the 12th Session of the General Assembly, 5 December 1957 [Article 6 para. 4 mentioned in the text is currently Article 6 para. 5 – author’s note], </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><a href="http://uvallsc.s3.amazonaws.com/travaux/s3fs-public/A-3764.pdf?null" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline">http://uvallsc.s3.amazonaws.com/travaux/s3fs-public/A-3764.pdf?null</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">, (accessed: 26 September 2020); see A/2929, Chapter VI, §10, Report of the Secretary-General to the 10th Session of the General Assembly, 1 July 1955, </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><a href="http://uvallsc.s3.amazonaws.com/travaux/s3fs-public/A-2929_0.pdf?null" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline">http://uvallsc.s3.amazonaws.com/travaux/s3fs-public/A-2929_0.pdf?null</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">, (accessed: 26 September 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn50"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn50"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Cf. also Adolphe, <i>The Legal Anthropology of Human Rights, </i>[in:] <i>Protection of Human Life in Its Early Stage. Intellectual Foundations and Legal Means, </i>[red.] </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE">A. Stępkowski, Frankfurt am Main 2014, p. 22.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn51"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn51"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Resolution 1763 of </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN">the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of 7 October 2010</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17909&amp;lang=en (accessed: 26 September 2020).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn52"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn52"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 30 October 2001, ref. no. K 33/00, OTK 2001/7/217.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn53"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn53"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">See </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">O. Pankiewicz, <i>An Essay About the Values Justifying Eugenic Abortion as Confronted Edith the Constitution ad the Real World, Protection of Human Life in Its Early Stage. Intellectual Foundations and Legal Means, </i>[ed.] </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE">A. Stępkowski, Frankfurt am Main 2014, p. 181.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn54"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn54"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"> P. Sarnecki, Articlecommentary on Article 38 of Constitution, [in:] L. Garlicki, M. Zubik (eds.), <i>Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz</i>, vol. II, Warsaw 2016, note 7.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn55"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn55"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">30 September 2008 r., K 44/07.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn56"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn56"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"> <i>Ibidem</i>.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"> </p> <div id="ftn57"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="tab-stops:418.4pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn57"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 27 January 2004, K 14/03, OTK ZU 2004/1A/1.                   </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn58"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn58"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 28 May 1997, ref. no. K 26/96, OTK 1997/2/19. See also: L. Bosek, [in:] <i>Medical Law: Cases and Commentaries, </i>[ed.] M. Safjan, Warsaw 2012, p. 44.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Wed, 21 Oct 2020 10:38:15 +0000 filip.bator 1138 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Magdalena Olek: The controversy around Planned Parenthood https://en.ordoiuris.pl/life-protection/magdalena-olek-controversy-around-planned-parenthood <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Magdalena Olek: The controversy around Planned Parenthood <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--title--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>pt., 10/04/2019 - 15:21</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>In 1916, an American feminist, Margaret Sanger, opened the first clinic in the United States of America, where women were advised on the use of contraceptives. It was also a place where dangerous procedures were performed to kill unborn children. Sanger was accused of using illegal and deadly practices, convicted and sentenced to 30 days in prison. However, it did not discourage her from continuing her activities. In the following years, she published magazines and books in which she promoted concepts which nowadays seem to be almost inhumane, such as eugenics or sterilization racism. In 1921, Sanger founded the organization American Birth Control League, which after the war changed its name to International Planned Parenthood Federation. Today, Planned Parenthood portrays itself as ‘a trusted health care provider, an informed educator, a passionate advocate, and a global partner helping similar organizations around the world’ although, in reality, it is the most famous and largest pro-abortion organization in the world. The killing unborn children and the scandals surrounding its American branch in recent years reveal that the ideas behind her business have nothing to do with ‘planning parenthood’ or health care.</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>Planned Parenthood – facts</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify">Planned Parenthood Federation of America (hereinafter: Planned Parenthood) is the most famous member of the international association called the International Planned Parenthood Federation, operating for over 100 years in the United States. Although this organization describes itself as an entity offering basic health services, fighting for women's rights and for a ‘healthier, more equal world,’ in fact, behind these slogans one can find the promotion of prenatal killing, permissive sex education, or LGBT ideology. In 2018, Planned Parenthood killed over 330,000 American unborn children and offered more than 630,000 times what they call emergency contraception, which would be the pills known as Plan B or the morning-after pill. Currently, there are over 600 clinics in the United States. In over 350 clinics abortion can be performed.</p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>Employee scandals in Planned Parenthood</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify">Planned Parenthood is trying to create an image of a non-profit organization, governed by humanistic values and principles, which allegedly protects women's rights and improves health care. It would seem, therefore, that PP should create an ideal work environment, especially for parents. However, the scandals connected with the discriminatory treatment of certain employees cast a shadow over this image created by the organization.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">In August 2019, an Arizona court awarded former director of the Planned Parenthood clinic $ 3 million in damages in a wrongful termination case. She claimed she was unfairly dismissed after raising concerns about ethical and legal breaches at abortion facilities run by the group. Mayra Rodriguez also claimed that she witnessed physician malpractice, illegal conduct of a doctor, falsification of affidavits and patient records. She pointed out the increasing number of women who experienced complications after an abortion. The woman also revealed that a minor with an adult sexual partner was not reported on their first day of contact with Planned Parenthood, as mandated by law and the organization’s own policy. Rodriguez also recounts how she was made to feel ashamed of her immigrant background by the Planned Parenthood associates.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">This is not the first conflict between employees and Planned Parenthoodand and not the first disappointment at the current practices which are applied to the catchy slogans proclaimed by PP. Ta'Lisa Hairston worked as a medical assistant at Planned Parenthood’s center in White Plains, New York, often taking 10-hour shifts. When she got pregnant, she asked her superiors for regular breaks and for lunch. Hairston says they ignored her nurse’s notes and rarely allowed her to even take lunch breaks. Ms. Hairston gave birth prematurely and received pressure after eight weeks to return to work early. She is just one of many women, who suffered discrimination on grounds of motherhood in the Planned Parenthood, who were reached by journalists of the New York Times during their journalistic investigation in 2018. A dozen lawsuits filed against Planned Parenthood clinics in federal and state courts since 2013 accused managers of denying workers rest periods, lunch breaks or overtime pay, or retaliating against them for taking medical leave. Managers have discriminated against pregnant women and new mothers. According to interviews with the current and former Planned Parenthood employees from California, Texas, North Carolina and New York, the managers declined to hire pregnant women and to promote new mothers. They also ignored the notes recommending frequent breaks and in some cases led to the dismissal of mothers after delivery. In Miami, women were scared to tell managers they were pregnant. In California, supervisors openly discussed the likelihood of a current or potential employee getting pregnant as a liability weighing against hirings or promotions. The press information also shows that the organization declined to hire one pregnant woman and to promote one new mother. Thus, it turns out that Planned Parenthood which is supposed to fight for women's rights and their reproductive health, in fact, violates these rights, discriminating against pregnant women and mothers.               </p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>Financial struggle</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify">For almost 40 years, Planned Parenthoodhas received funding from the US governments in its mission of killing unborn children. Since 1970, some part of the revenue received at Planned Parenthood is from government health services reimbursements and grants, such as Title X of the Public Health Service Act. The programme enacted by President Richard Nixon allows for funding for family planning services. According to the report of the U.S. government published in 2015, in 2010-2012 PP received $ 344.5 million from federal programs and $1.2 billion in funding from Medicaid, which combines federal and state funds (equivalent of the Polish National Health Fund for poor citizens), thus being the largest beneficiary of the program in the U.S. However, in 2019 President Donald Trump introduced the 'save life' policy, which has started enforcing regulations that prohibit Title X grant recipients from counseling patients about abortion. Two years earlier the Trump administration has expanded its ban on funding for groups that conduct abortions or advocate abortion rights, known as the global gag rule, and has also cut funding to the International Planned Parenthood Federation for that reason.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">The change of law was accompanied by stormy discussions between supporters of abortion and life defenders. Meanwhile, not only prenatal killings was financed from the money of all taxpayers, but also the promotion of permissive sex education, including sexual promiscuity, gender ideology, and LGBT. What's more, in 2017 Charlotte Lozier Institute and Alliance Defending Freedom have published research in which a potential fraud by Planned Parenthood affiliate was identified. It strongly suggested that Planned Parenthood affiliates systematically take advantage of ‘overbilling’ opportunities to maximize revenues in complex. Nearly all of the 51 known external audits have found overbilling. The audits found numerous improper practices resulting in significant Medicaid overpayments of more than $8.5 million to Planned Parenthood affiliates. Another federal audit in New York found that a great number of abortion-related claims were improper. Auditors and investigators have specifically identified Planned Parenthood affiliates as the source of at least $123.8 million in waste, abuse, and potentially fraudulent overbilling and penalties.</p> <p class="text-align-justify"><strong>Illegal trade of human organs?</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify">In 2015, David Daleiden and Sandra Merritt revealed shocking recordings of conversations with representatives of Planned Parenthood. They had recorded a Planned Parenthood employee arranging to sell fetal body parts for profit. One of the doctors said at the time: ‘We don’t want to do just a flat-fee (per baby) of like, $200. A per-item thing works a little better, just because we can see how much we can get out of it.’ In turn, Melissa Farrell of Planned Parenthood-Gulf Coast in Houston boasted of Planned Parenthood’s skill in obtaining ‘intact fetal cadavers’. Another recorded person told about technicians taking fetal parts without patient consent.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">Planned Parenthood has denied breaking the law. In order to investigate Planned Parenthood, a select committee was formed in Congress which after 15 months of work released a critical report. However, the organisation was not charged due to a lack of evidence. In December 2017, The Justice Department has launched a federal investigation into Planned Parenthood’s practices and the sale of fetal tissue.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">In September 2019, the trial of David Daleiden and Sandra Merritt began in California. They are each charged with 15 counts of felony invasion of privacy due to the fact that they infiltrated and recorded abortion providers from Planned Parenthood at meetings. According to Daleiden, the case that has been launched against him is unprecedented and politically motivated. He also claims that the First Amendment to the US Constitution, guaranteeing freedom of speech and press has been violated. He emphasized that during the preliminary interrogations, employees of the 'abortion business' confirmed that the body parts of aborted children were being sold. Other witnesses, in turn, showed a surprising ignorance of topics related to abortion. It remains an open question of what verdict the court will pass in a case against journalists who have disclosed shocking recordings, as well as what the investigation conducted by the Department of Justice will reveal.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">What sort of future awaits Planned Parenthood? There is no doubt that, despite the emerging financial problems, allegations of discrimination and violations of the law, this organization still has a strong position in the United States and plays a significant role in the fight against such values as the right to life. However, more and more people, including employees of Planned Parenthood clinics, are noticing the irreparable damage that this organization's activities bring to society. Thanks to the courage of people like Daleiden and Merritt and the impressive indomitableness of life defenders' spirit, one can hope that Planned Parenthood will gradually withdraw from public life.</p> <p class="text-align-justify">Magdalena Olek - Director of the Ordo Iuris Center of International Law</p> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--body--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> Kategoria } <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-kategoria--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--aktualnosc--field-zdjecie.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/2019-10/MOlek_6551.jpg?itok=lKltL2RS" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/news_block/field--node--field-zdjecie--aktualnosc.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--node--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-zrodlo-zdjecia.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div>Ordo Iuris</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--aktualnosc.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--aktualnosc.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/planned-parenthood" hreflang="pl">planned parenthood</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/aborcja" hreflang="pl">aborcja</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ochrona-zycia-0" hreflang="pl">ochrona życia</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/usa" hreflang="pl">USA</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ordo-iuris" hreflang="pl">Ordo Iuris</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> Fri, 04 Oct 2019 13:21:42 +0000 filip.bator 987 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl Opinion regarding non-conformity of certain provisions of the Act on family planning, protection of the human foetus and admissibility conditions for the termination of pregnancy with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland https://en.ordoiuris.pl/life-protection/opinion-regarding-non-conformity-certain-provisions-act-family-planning-protection <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--title--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--title--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> Opinion regarding non-conformity of certain provisions of the Act on family planning, protection of the human foetus and admissibility conditions for the termination of pregnancy with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--title--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--analiza-prawna.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">filip.bator</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--analiza-prawna.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>pon., 09/10/2018 - 15:19</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/navigation/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--body--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--body--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <p> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Opinion of <i>amici curiae </i></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">regarding declaration of the non-conformity of Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Act of 7 January 1993 on family planning, protection of the human foetus and admissibility conditions for the termination of pregnancy (Journal of Laws of 1993 No. 17, item 78, as amended) with the Constitution of the <place w:st="on"><placetype w:st="on">Republic</placetype> of <placename w:st="on">Poland</placename></place></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">I. Introductory remarks</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <ol><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In the motion dated 22 June <metricconverter productid="2017, a" w:st="on">2017, a</metricconverter> group of Members of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland requested declaration of non-conformity of Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Act of 7 January 1993 on family planning, protection of the human foetus and admissibility conditions for the termination of pregnancy<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i> </i>(hereinafter as the Abortion Act) with Article 30 of the Polish Constitution, as they legalize eugenic practices towards an unborn child, thus denying him the respect and protection of his dignity.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In the event of failure to take into account of the above described allegation, the Applicants formulated a potential motion in which they demand that Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act be declared non-conformant with Article <metricconverter productid="38 in" w:st="on">38 in</metricconverter> conjunction with Article 30 and 31 paragraph 3 and with Article <metricconverter productid="38 in" w:st="on">38 in</metricconverter> conjunction with Article 32 paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Polish Constitution since they legalize eugenic practices in the field of the right to life of an unborn child and make the protection of the right to life of an unborn child dependent on his health condition, which is a form of prohibited direct discrimination, and that Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act be declared non-conformant with Article <metricconverter productid="38 in" w:st="on">38 in</metricconverter> conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 and in conjunction with Article 2 and Article 42 of the Polish Constitution since they legalize termination of pregnancy without sufficient justification with the need to protect another value, constitutional law or freedom, and use indefinite criteria of this legalization, thus violating constitutional guarantees for human life.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 of the Abortion Act establishes eugenic conditions for termination of pregnancy, which can be performed by a doctor in the event that prenatal tests or other medical conditions indicate a high probability of severe and irreversible impairment of the foetus or an incurable disease threatening his life. In accordance with Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act, in the case of determining a high probability of a serious and irreversible impairment or an incurable disease threatening the life of a conceived child, killing him is possible until he is able to live independently outside the mother's womb.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Human life and dignity of a human being constitute basic values, subject to legal protection. The obligation incumbent on public authorities to ensure this protection applies to all phases of human life, from its conception to natural death. It is guaranteed both by the Polish Constitution and by numerous international treaties that are binding for the Republic of Poland. Deep concern for universal values such as human dignity and legal protection of human life, which constitute the very foundations of European civilization and contemporary legal orders, makes it impossible to remain silent in this proceeding. Therefore, <b>signatories of the present opinion wish to express their position, namely that:</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act  is inconsistent with Article 2, Article 30 and Article <metricconverter productid="38 in" w:st="on">38 in</metricconverter> conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution.</span></span></span></u></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ol start="5"><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:list 25.1pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Pursuant to Article 9 of the Polish Constitution: “The Republic of Poland shall respect international law binding upon it”. At the same time, all international treaties that Poland is a party to, must be in line with the Polish Constitution (see<i> </i>Article 188 subparagraph 1 of the Polish Constitution), however, they prevail over statutes if they were ratified with prior consent granted by a statute (see Article 91 of the Polish Constitution). This is precisely the nature of i.a. all international treaties concerning freedom, civic rights or obligations stipulated in the Constitution (Article 89 paragraph 1 subparagraph 1 of the Polish Constitution). Thus, taking into account the content of the mentioned provisions of the Polish Constitution, which determine the place of international treaties in the system of sources of law commonly binding in the Republic of Poland, it is justified to make references in the subsequent part of the deliberations, not only to the Polish Constitution itself (which is quoted as a model), but also to international treaties which were ratified by Poland.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">II. Unborn child as a subject of human rights in the light of international law</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <ol start="6"><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The issue of protection of human life at the prenatal stage of development fits into the general discourse concerning human rights, or – to phrase it differently – it is a component of a set of rights that every man is entitled to, rooted already in the natural law (supra-positive)<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. There is no rational basis to deprive children who were conceived but not born yet of the guarantee of legal protection of their life. In literature, it is often emphasized that a human passes through various stages of development whilst maintaining his or her subjective identity: “A human embryo is a whole living member of the species <i>Homo</i> <i>sapiens</i> in the earliest stage of his or her natural development. Unless denied a suitable environment, an embryonic human being will by directing its own integral organic functioning develop himself or herself to the next more mature developmental stage, <i>i.e</i>., the foetal stage. The embryonic, foetal, infant, child, and adolescent stages are stages in the development of a determinate and enduring entity — a human being — who comes into existence as a single cell organism and develops, if all goes well, into adulthood many years later”<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. This means that legal protection envisaged in the international law as well as in internal law is a right of every human – before just like after birth. Physical immaturity of a child that is just forming in the mother's womb, combined with a severe handicap or disease should predestine him to receive special protection from public authorities, and provide him - as soon as there is medical opportunity – with treatment or palliative care in conditions ensuring respect for the inherent dignity of a conceived as well as newly born child. Unfortunately, in the current legal situation, such children are deprived of legal protection, they can be killed on the basis of the probability of disability or illness.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The right of unborn children to legal protection of their lives is based in numerous international treaties, in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 20 November 1989<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (hereinafter as: the Convention on the Rights of the Child). Pursuant to its Preamble – referring to the Declaration on the Rights of the Child of 1959 - every human being can enjoy the rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights <b>regardless of any differences arising from the circumstances of his or her birth, and the child - due to his physical and mental immaturity - needs special safeguards and care, including proper legal protection, both before and after birth</b>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In accordance with Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, drawn up in Vienna on 23 May 1969<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref5"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (hereinafter as: the Vienna Convention): “<metricconverter productid="1. A" w:st="on">1. A</metricconverter> treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. 1. The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes […]”. Therefore, it must be stated that the interpretation of all provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child must take into account the content of its preamble, and therefore the provisions of the Convention also apply to a conceived child who is still unborn<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref6"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">It is in this context that Article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child should be comprehended, which defines a child as “every human being below the age of eighteen years”. It is also worth noting, as is emphasized in the literature, that the Convention stresses subjectivity of the child<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref7"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. As E. Verhellen pointed out: “…children’s rights are understood as the human rights of children, i.e. fundamental claims for the realisation of social justice and human dignity for children. The right to participate in democratic decision-making, to autonomy and to exercise rights independently are important aspects of how to realise these claims. The ontological view behind the children’s rights movement and the changing child image that accompanies it, is that children are human beings. Therefore, children are entitled to all human rights. Children do not need to be given rights, they have them”<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref8"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. In the context of the quoted provisions of the Convention, it should be stated that the remarks of E. Verhellen fully apply to a conceived child who is still unborn.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref9"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. <b>Considering the content of the preamble to the Convention, one cannot have the slightest doubt that every human being is a child from the moment of conception (the connection of male and female gametes) until the day on which he or she reaches the age of 18<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref10"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></b></span></span></a>. Unborn children always enjoy all human rights to the same extent as children after birth.</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Moreover, it needs to be reminded that <b>the rights set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child belong to all children on an equal basis</b>. Article 2 of the Convention expressly prohibits the use of any discrimination in this regard: “1. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status. 2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members.” It is clear from the above that circumstances such as the moment of birth, age, disability, etc., cannot justify differentiation of the child's legal status.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Analysis of the content of Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref11"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a> (hereinafter as: the Declaration of Human Rights) leads to similar conclusions. It states that <i>everyone</i> is entitled to enjoy all rights and freedoms proclaimed in the content of the Declaration, irrespective of differences in race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social  origin, property, birth or any other status. As R. Joseph, correctly notes, the term <i>everyone</i> indicates that the provisions of the Declaration also apply to an unborn child<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref12"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The universal nature of human rights, which essentially are the rights of every being that belongs to the human species, was already raised during the work on the Declaration of Human Rights. A.J. Lien pointed out that “Human rights are universal rights or enabling qualities of human beings <b>as human beings</b> or as individuals of human race, attaching to the human being wherever he appears, without regard to time, place, colour, sex, parentage or environment. They are really the <b>keystone of the dignity of man</b>.” [bolding by the author of the present opinion]<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref13"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The fact that the Author uses the phrase <i>human being </i>is a proof of the broadest possible subjective scope of the human rights formulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In the literature on the subject, sometimes an attempt is made to create an artificial distinction – most often ideologically motivated – between the terms <i>person</i> and <i>human being</i>, although in fact they have the same and identical scope of meaning. The term <i>human being</i> is by some authors treated – completely wrongly – as broader in meaning than the term <i>person</i>, allegedly referring only to people already born<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref14"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. What is worth emphasizing, U. Soirila, while explaining the difference between the terms <i>human being</i> and <i>person</i>, pointed out that history knows cases when the term <i>person</i> was not referred to slaves, women or children. Currently, this is done in relation to conceived and yet unborn children<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref15"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. This historical parallel is not only very meaningful, but also extremely accurate. Thus, regardless of certain unjustified discrepancies which occur in the literature, one must explicitly support the identicality of the terms <i>human being</i> and <i>person</i>, which in the field of international law always mean every man, and therefore also the unborn child.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Provisions similar in content to Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are also present in other international treaties. In this context one can point out Article 2 paragraph 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref16"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[16]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> (hereinafter as: ICCPR), which states that: “Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status”. States Parties of the ICCPR have therefore undertaken to respect the rights set out in it, regardless of whether a person has already been born or is still in the prenatal period. In the light of the aforementioned provision, it should also be assumed that the obligation to ensure the rights and freedoms guaranteed in the ICCPR, including the legal protection of life, is enjoyed by every person regardless of age (Article 2 paragraph 1 speaks of “or other status”).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> A similar provision is contained in Article 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950<a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref17"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[17]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> (hereinafter as: ECHR), which states that: “The High Contracting Parties shall secure to everyone within their jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in Section I of this Convention”. Also in the case of ECHR, R. Joseph’s comments concerning the conceptual scope of <i>everyone</i><a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref18"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a> remain valid. Once again, it must be repeated that the term <i>everyone</i> means every person, and therefore also the unborn child. The content of this Convention cannot be changed even by the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The provisions of the Abortion Act included in the review of the Constitutional Tribunal make abortion admissible in situations of high probability of disability or fatal disease of the conceived child. In<i> </i>fact<i> </i>it means <b>legal admissibility of negative selection of unborn children due to their health condition and results in physical elimination of people suspected of disability or illness, which in an unspecified, although presumably short time, will result in the death of the child</b>. In this regard, it should be stressed that, according to the preamble of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 2006<a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref19"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a> children with disabilities should fully enjoy all human rights, on an equal basis with other children and taking into account the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Referring to this legal document, one must also emphasise that in the reservation presented by Poland during ratification of the </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities it was clearly stated that </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 25a cannot be interpreted as a way of confirming the right of an individual to abortion or ordering the state to provide access to it<a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref20"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">It should also be pointed out that permissibility of abortion due to probability of a serious and irreversible impairment of a conceived child or a life-threatening illness is a manifestation of eugenic practices that should not be allowed in a democratic and law-abiding state</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">As is rightly noted in the literature on the subject, eugenic practices constitute “</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">the biggest attacks on human rights”<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref21"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Analysing the issue of the status of a conceived child as a subject of human rights, one should refer to opinions, recommendations, guidelines and other similar documents issued by international committees monitoring compliance with UN conventions. It should be emphasized that there is no uniform position of committees monitoring compliance with UN conventions on legal protection of life of an unborn child.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The United Nations </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> has agreed that</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">: “Laws which explicitly allow for abortion on grounds of impairment violate the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Article 4,5,8)”<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref22"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">However, contrary to this, other Committees, including above all – which is particularly regrettable – the Committee on the Rights of the Child, try to exert pressure on the States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child so that they lower the standard of legal protection of conceived life by providing so-called “access to abortion</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">”<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref23"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">It should be noted that all documents and recommendations issued by such bodies are only suggestions and do not constitute a source of binding international law. It should be made clear that the core task of committees set up in UN conventions is to examine reports submitted by States Parties</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> and </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">to make concluding observations or  general comments  regarding the reports submitted</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The committees do not have the power to change the content of the treaties on the basis of which they were established, to introduce into them new regulations or reinterpret the existing ones, to make legally valid (binding) interpretation of any international treaties or to issue binding suggestions, recommendations or general comments (which is particularly evident in the example of Part V of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 18 December 1979</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref24"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[24]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">).</span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">It should be emphasized that contrary to some opinions that are devoid of any legal basis, the international law binding on the Republic of Poland does not recognize the concept of the “right to abortion</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">”. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">It is worth invoking the general rule of law, according to which</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> <i>ex iniuria ius non oritur, </i></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">i.e. one cannot derive law from lawlessness</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Therefore, there is no such structure as “subjective right to abortion” - neither in Polish law nor in international law binding on Poland.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">From the presented review of international obligations of the Republic of Poland and the arguments outlined, it is indisputably evident that a child who has been conceived but not born yet, is a man, and is therefore the subject of human rights</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The child is entitled to these rights as a being belonging to the human species, with a unique genetic code that distinguishes the child from the mother in whose womb he is present</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref25"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Such a child has his own </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">dignity, </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">respect and protection of which, is the responsibility of public authorities.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Basic condition for the respect of human dignity is to provide, without any exception, every unborn child </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">with legal safeguards of the protection of his life that will, in </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">an effective and actual manner, secure the child against attempts at depriving him of his life by other people, that is, causing his death, both before and after birth</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">III. </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Assessment of conformity of</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> the reviewed provisions with Article 30 of the Polish Constitution and with international law standards concerning protection of human dignity</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <ol start="22"><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:list 0cm left 24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Both the provisions of the Polish Constitution relating to freedoms and rights of humans and citizens, and the international system of human rights protection is built around inherent dignity of the human being </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">(lat. <i>dignitas humana</i>)<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref26"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a>, </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">which distinguishes the man from all other beings</span></span></span> <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref27"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">There is therefore no “human right to dignity” because it is itself the source of all his freedoms and rights, which – as the French legal historian J. Gaudemet pointed out – have since the eighteenth century been sometimes referred to as “fundamental rights</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">”<a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref28"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Pursuant to Article 30 of the Polish Constitution: “The inherent and inalienable dignity of the person shall constitute a source of freedoms and rights of persons and citizens. It shall be inviolable. The respect and protection thereof shall be the obligation of public authorities”. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">As emphasized in the literature on the subject</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">: “The first general principle is dignity: as an inherent and an inalienable essence of human being. Dignity constitutes a source of all freedoms and rights of any person and citizen. Dignity is inviolable, which means that it cannot be relinquished even by the act of freewill man. Being the first and the most important general principle dignity is defined here by the description of its characteristics. According to the Constitution dignity belongs to each human, is a personal and indefeasible right rooted in Constitution and the state is responsible for its protection. Until now, it can be said that for the Polish lawmaker dignity is the cornerstone of the Polish state. It, is the source of all freedoms and rights and is rooted in natural law”<a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref29"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt 36.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The close connection between the protection of human dignity and legal guarantees of the protection of human life was noticed in the jurisprudence of the Polish Constitutional</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> Tribunal. </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In its judgment of 27 January 2004, the</span></span></span></b> <b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Tribunal stated: “</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">There can be no protection of human dignity if there are no sufficient grounds to protect life</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">”</span></span></span></b><a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref30"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In the light of the standards of international law, it should be recognized that actions discriminating against people with disabilities result in violation of their inherent dignity</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Such a conclusion can be derived from the preamble to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, according to which <b>discrimination against anyone on the basis of disability</b> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">“</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">is a violation of the inherent dignity and value of the human person</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">”</span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">It should be pointed out that in the context of the said Convention, discrimination based on disability means</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">: “any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. It includes all forms of discrimination, including denial of reasonable accommodation” (<i>See</i> Article 2 of the Convention).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The preamble to the Convention on the Rights of the Child also refers to human dignity.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Already in the introduction, it stipulates that recognizing the inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">As regards children with disabilities, it has been assumed that a child with a mental or physical disability should be provided <b>full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child's active participation in the community.</b></span></span></span><b> </b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">(Article 23 paragraph 1 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">of the Convention on the Rights of the Child</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">). </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Eugenic abortion obviously nullifies any chances for this opportunity. Furthermore, in the light of the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, children with disabilities should</span></span></span> <b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">be enjoying special care on the part of public authorities</span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">: “States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care and shall encourage and ensure the extension, subject to available resources, to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child's condition and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child” (Article 23 paragraph 2 of the </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Convention on the Rights of the Child</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">). Giving up punishment for eugenic abortion – </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">which is in fact introduced by the challenged statutory provisions</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> – </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">not only does not implement the provisions of the Convention, but is a clear example of negation of the letter and the spirit of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Dignity of the unborn child has also been recognized in the case law of the <b>Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter as: “the CJEU”)</b></span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> The Court – referring to the content of </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the Legal Protection of biotechnological inventions</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref31"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> – </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">noted that dignity is vested from the moment of connection of human male and female gametes, which begins the process of human development in the prenatal phase</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">: </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">“<span style="background:white">In that regard, the preamble to the Directive (Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the Legal Protection of biotechnological inventions </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">– the author's note</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">) states that although it seeks to promote investment in the field of biotechnology, use of biological material originating from humans must be consistent with regard for fundamental rights and, in particular, the dignity of the person. Recital <metricconverter productid="16 in" w:st="on">16 in</metricconverter> the preamble to the Directive, in particular, emphasises that «patent law must be applied so as to respect the fundamental principles safeguarding the dignity and integrity of the person». To that effect, as the Court has already held, Article 5(1) of the Directive provides that the human body at the various stages of its formation and development cannot constitute a patentable invention. Additional security is offered by Article 6 of the Directive, which lists as contrary to <i>ordre public </i>or morality, and therefore excluded from patentability, processes for cloning human beings, processes for modifying the germ line genetic identity of human beings and uses of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposes. Recital <metricconverter productid="38 in" w:st="on">38 in</metricconverter> the preamble to the Directive states that this list is not exhaustive and that all processes the use of which offends against human dignity are also excluded from patentability (see <i>Netherlands</i> v <i>Parliament and Council</i>, paragraphs 71 and 76). The context and aim of the Directive thus show that the European Union legislature intended to exclude any possibility of patentability where respect for human dignity could thereby be affected. It follows that the concept of ‘human embryo’ within the meaning of Article 6(2)(c) of the Directive must be understood in a wide sense. Accordingly, any human ovum must, as soon as fertilised, be regarded as a «human embryo» within the meaning and for the purposes of the application of Article 6(2)(c) of the Directive, since that fertilisation is such as to commence the process of development of a human being”</span></span></span></span><a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref32"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. The CJEU </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">also stressed that human embryos encompass also unfertilised human ova into which a cell nucleus from a mature human cell was implanted and unfertilised human ova whose division and development has been stimulated by parthenogenesis</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref33"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Also the </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">European Court of Human Rights</span></span></span></b> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">in the case <i>Vo v. France </i>admitted that “it may be regarded as common ground between States that the embryo/foetus belongs to the human race. The potentiality of that being and its capacity to become a person […] require protection in the name of human dignity […]”<a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref34"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Although the Court did not deduce from the correctly determined premise that the conceived child is fully protected under</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> <span style="background:white">Article</span> <span style="background:white">2 of the ECHR</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">some of the judges submitting a dissentings opinions in Vo v. France pointed out at this logical consequence</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. Judge</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> G. Ress </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">stated that there had been a violation of Article 2 of the ECHR in the subject matter adjudicated by the Court, and, therefore, that is was applicable to an unborn child</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">: “The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Article 31 § 1) requires treaties to be interpreted in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its objects and purpose. The ordinary meaning can only be established from the text as a whole. Historically, lawyers have understood the notion of «everyone» («toute personne») as including the human being before birth and, above all, the notion of «life» as covering all human life commencing with conception, that is to say from the moment an independent existence develops until it ends with death, birth being but a stage in that development”<a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref35"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In the conclusions, Judge G. Ress stated</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">: “Since I consider that Article 2 applies to human beings even before they are born, an interpretation which seems to me to be consistent with the approach of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and since France does not afford sufficient protection to the foetus against the negligent acts of third parties, I find that there has been a violation of Article 2 of the Convention. As regards the specific measures necessary to discharge that positive obligation, that is a matter for the respondent State, which should either take strict disciplinary measures or afford the protection of the criminal law (against unintentional homicide)”<a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref36"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. Similar were the conclusions reached by judge A. Mularoni and judge V. Strážnická<a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref37"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">References to human dignity of a conceived child are also found in the documents issued by the Council of Europe. In accordance with recommendation 1046 of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of 1986 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">“…human embryos and foetuses must be treated in all circumstances with the respect due to human dignity…”<a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref38"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Legislation that does not ensure or deprive a person of legal protection of his or her life is, at the same time, an expression of disrespect for dignity, which is a source of freedom and human rights, and betrays the absolute order to protect it</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. In the light of such legislation – as, for example, contested in the present case – a man is reduced to an object of law, which accepts the legal fiction of the lack of the man’s own subjectivity as a human being, which is completely inadmissible pursuant to <b>Article 30 of the Polish Constitution</b>. It should be remembered that the Constitutional Tribunal stated: “The basic attribute of a man is his life. Deprivation of life, therefore, annihilates the man as a subject of rights and obligations. If the core of the principle of the rule of law is a set of basic directives derived from the essence of a democratically made law and guaranteeing a minimum level of justice, then the first such directive must be to respect, in the rule of law, values without which any legal subjectivity is excluded, i.e. human life from the beginning of its creation. A democratic state of law puts the man and the interests most valuable to him as the prime value. One of them is life, which in a democratic state of law must remain under constitutional protection at every stage of its development”<a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref39"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">It should be stated, therefore, that nothing is more dehumanizing and aimed against inherent dignity than depriving a human (at any stage of development) of the legal protection of his life. This leads to the conclusion that Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act are not conformant with Article 30 of the Polish Constitution, as well as the provisions contained in the above-mentioned acts of international law, which enjoin the protection of personal dignity.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">IV. Assessment of conformity of the reviewed provisions with Article <metricconverter productid="38 in" w:st="on">38 in</metricconverter> conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution and with international law standards regarding the legal protection of human life (right to life)</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <ol start="32"><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Eminent French philosopher and co-creator of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Jacques Maritain pointed out that the right to life, which he also defined as the <i>right to</i> <i>existence</i>, is a fundamental right of a <i>human person as such</i><a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref40"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. This statement should be recalled, because the right to life of every human being guarantees the possibility of exercising all other rights. It is vested in every man due to the fact that he is a subject and never an object of rights.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Pursuant Article 38 of the Polish Constitution: “<span style="background:white">The Republic of Poland shall ensure the legal protection of the life of every human being</span>”. The quoted provision does not make the scope of this protection conditional on the stage of human life. This view was also expressed by the Polish Constitutional Tribunal in its ruling of 27 May <metricconverter productid="1997, in" w:st="on">1997, in</metricconverter> which it stated that: “</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The quality of a constitutionally protected legal value</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, which is human life, including life developing in the prenatal phase, cannot be differentiated. There are no sufficiently precise and justified criteria allowing for such a differentiation based on the development phase of human life. Since its creation, human life becomes a constitutionally protected value. This also applies to the prenatal phase”<a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref41"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The quoted ruling is of fundamental importance for assessing the constitutionality of the provisions subject to review in the present case<a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref42"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. It is pointed out in Polish legal studies that: “The conclusion of the ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal provides that the status of a human being in the Polish legal system may not be determined by the statutory provisions. The competence of the law maker does not include making decisions about capacity of the human being to be the subjects of rights and even about the every human’s right to life, «without which any capacity to be the subject of rights is excluded»”<a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref43"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The view expressed in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal was also shared by the Polish Supreme Court (Civil Chamber), which in the judgment of 26 November 2014 stated: “When </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">analysing</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> the problem of applying Article 446 § 4 of the Civil Code in this case, it is necessary to take into account the regulations included in the Polish </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">legal system, </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">in the light of which both the foetus and the unborn child are protected by law. The right to life is a constitutional value, Article 38 of the Constitution provides every human being with legal protection of life”<a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref44"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In the Supreme Court judgment (the Chamber of Labo</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">u</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">r</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> Law</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, Social Insurance and Public Affairs) passed on 30 November 2016 (III PK 17/16), it was underscored that “</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">in the Polish legal system, it is a principle that – regardless of normative changes made – the applicable regulations stress the subjective nature of <i>nasciturus</i></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">”</span></span></span></i><a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref45"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[45]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In turn, in the Supreme Court jurisprudence (Criminal Chamber) it was noted that on the basis of the standard of protection of life contained in Article 38 of the Constitution</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">: “a criminal law model is possible in which </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">criminal liability for unintentional actions taken against a conceived child would be envisaged, and also which would at the same time introduce uniform intensity of life protection from conception</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">”<a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref46"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[46]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. Therefore, “</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Polish criminal law protects human life from conception to death</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. (…) </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">It is obvious that the mere existence of the provisions: Article</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> 152, 153 and Article 157a </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">of the Criminal Code exclude any doubt as to the fact that human life and health are protected from conception to death</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.”<a href="#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref47"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[47]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">It should also be emphasized that the right to life is one of the most important (and, in fact, the most important) of human rights articulated in acts of international law</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">According to</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person”. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The right to life – as shown in the Preamble to the Declaration – is enjoyed by “all members of the human family</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">”<a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref48"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 6 paragraph 1 of ICCPR states, in turn, that: “Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life”. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">It should also be reminded that the right to life of an unborn child is underlined very clearly in </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 6 paragraph 5 of ICCPR, which </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">prohibits the execution of a death sentence on a pregnant woman</span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">This provision results from recognition of the independent status of the unborn child in relation to his mother, which was clearly confirmed in the preparatory work on the Covenant. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Documents from preparatory work on the Covenant, which according to Article 32 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">of the Vienna Convention, constitute supplementary interpretative material, clearly state that <b>the main reason why death penalty should not be executed on pregnant women is</b> “</span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">to save the life of an innocent unborn child” and the </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">inspiration with humanitarian reasons and consideration of the interests of the unborn child</span></span></span></b><a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref49"><b><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><b><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[49]</span></span></span></sup></b></span></span></span></sup></b></a><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> <b>Article 6 paragraph 5 of the Covenant </b></span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">not only protects human life at the prenatal stage of development, but also fully respects his legal personality and inherent human rights</span></span></span></b><a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref50"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Pursuant to </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 2 paragraph 1 of ECHR “Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law”. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">As previously emphasized, the term “everyone” means every person, and therefore also the unborn child</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In accordance with</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> Article 6 paragraph 1 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">of the Convention on the Rights of the Child </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">: “States Parties recognize that every child has the inherent right to life”. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">It should be emphasized that the term <i>every</i> <i>child</i> it also means every conceived child. This results both from the content of the preamble and from </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 1 </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">of the Convention, as well as from the legislative technique adopted by the authors of the Convention, which assumes</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">that the rights that are addressed only to children characterized by specific features contain an appropriate caveat in the content of the appropriate editorial unit, unless something different results from the essence of the law itself (this caveat, obviously, does not concern the legal protection of life, which by its very nature has a universal dimension</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">). </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">By way of example one may point to </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 7 paragraph 1 of the Convention, which </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">clearly states that the right to receive a name and acquire citizenship, as well as the right to know and to be cared for by his or her  parents is only vested in the child who is already born</span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. Article 12</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, on the other hand, limits the right of the child to express views on matters pertaining to him to children capable of forming their own views</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The obligation of life legal protection of life was clearly articulated also in </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 10 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: “States Parties reaffirm that every human being has the inherent right to life and shall take all necessary measures to ensure its effective enjoyment by persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The fact that performing an abortion can never be treated as an ordinary “medical procedure” that deserves moral affirmation was reflected in the Resolution of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe No. 1763 of 2010, where it is clearly stated that it</span></span></span> <b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">leads to death of the conceived child</span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, due to which it is necessary to ensure the right to refuse to perform it with the possibility of invoking conscientious objection</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">: “No person, hospital or institution shall be coerced, held liable or discriminated against in any manner because of a refusal to perform, accommodate, assist or submit to an abortion, the performance of a human miscarriage, or euthanasia or any act which could cause the death of a human foetus or embryo, for any reason”<a href="#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref51"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The above findings lead to the obvious conclusion that </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act are contrary to Article 38 of the Polish Constitution and </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">those provisions of international treaties binding on the Republic of Poland that establish the right to life (guarantee the legal protection of life)</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Eugenic abortion leads to physical elimination (interrupts the physical existence</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">) </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">of a conceived child due to negative (merely) assumption about the possible state of his health</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Determining the content of </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 38 of the Polish Constitution </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">does not end the analysis of the legal problem which is examined by the Constitutional Tribunal in the present case.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In a democratic state ruled by law, the exercise of human rights and freedoms (and thus their protection) may be subject to limitations due to the principle of proportionality and the so-called weighing of constitutional principles and values</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">This also applies to life of human being, the protection of which is not absolute.</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> Pursuant to Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution: “Any limitation upon the exercise of constitutional freedoms and rights may be imposed only by statute, and only when necessary in a democratic state for the protection of its security or public order, or to protect the natural environment, health or public morals, or the freedoms and rights of other persons. Such limitations shall not violate the essence of freedoms and rights”.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The quoted provision provides the admissibility of limitation in the exercise of constitutional freedoms and rights on the fulfilment of certain conditions</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">First of all, these limitations must be included in a normative act with the rank of a statute.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Secondly, they are allowed only if they are necessary in a democratic state for the protection of its security or public order, or to protect the environment, health and public morals, or the freedoms and rights of others</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Thirdly, limitations must not violate the essence of the freedoms and rights they concern</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Although the provisions subject to review are included in a statute, they raise fundamental doubts from the perspective of the principle of specificity of law, a component of the democratic legal state. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Pursuant to the ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 30 October 2001: “</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Firstly, any provision limiting constitutional freedoms or rights should be formulated in a way that allows unambiguous determination of who and in what situation is subject to limitations</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Secondly, this provision should be precise enough to ensure its uniform interpretation and application.</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> <span style="background:white">Thirdly - such a provision should be formulated so that the scope of its application covers only those situations in which reasonably acting legislator actually meant to introduce a regulation limiting the exercise of constitutional freedoms and rights</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">”<a href="#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref52"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Both Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">do not satisfy the requirements formulated by the Tribunal in the aforementioned ruling</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">They use imprecise phrases such as “high probability”.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In the context of dynamic development of medical sciences, the term “incurable disease” is also difficult to interpret. The regulations also do not</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> state whether “incurable disease” must result in </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">a direct threat to life, or perhaps only a potential threat. This problem has been noticed in the legal literature</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref53"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">also provides for a catalogue of values</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, the protection of which can justify </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">a limitation of constitutional freedoms or rights</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">These are:</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> [a] </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">public safety</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, [b] </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">or public order</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, [c] protection of </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">the environment</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, [d] </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">protection of public health</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, [e] </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">protection of public morals</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, [f] </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">freedoms and rights of others</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Due to the fact that protection of the life of a particular person occupies a very high position in the hierarchy of constitutional freedoms and rights, limiting legal protection of life is permissible only when it is “necessary in a democratic state”, whereby the premise of necessity must be interpreted very restrictively</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref54"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[54]</span></span></span></sup></span></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">This was best expressed by the Constitutional Tribunal:</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> “</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The condition for limiting the right to legal protection of life is, therefore, a situation in which there is no doubt that it could not be reconciled with analogous rights of other people. This premise can be described generally as a requirement of symmetry of legal interests: of the devoted interest and the saved interest</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">”<a href="#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref55"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[55]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a>. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The Tribunal also noted:</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> “</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In a democratic legal state, implementing the principles of social justice and protecting life and inalienable dignity of a man, it would be definitely unacceptable to limit the legal protection of human life in order to protect interests located lower in the constitutional hierarchy, e.g. property and other property rights, public morals protection of the environment or even the health of other people</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.”<a href="#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref56"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[56]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">With this in mind, it should be stipulated that none of the values provided for in this catalogue can justify the admissibility of eugenic abortion.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">It is not justified by the grounds for protecting public health and the rights and freedoms of others, since the reviewed provisions do not concern the protection of mother's life and health</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. The issue of the conflict of legally significant interests – </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">i.e. the life of the unborn child and the life and health of his mother - was settled by</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 1 of the Abortion Act, </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">which in the present case lies beyond the review of the Constitutional Tribunal, even though in the light of the regulations of the </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Polish Constitution and </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">international obligations of the Republic of Poland, this provision</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> – </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">in the part covering the mother's health </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">– </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">is also difficult to consider compliant with legal provisions of higher legal force – in accordance with the system of sources of law adopted in the Polish Constitution - than a statute.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The permissibility of killing a conceived child due to <b>mere suspicion</b> (“high probability”) of illness or disability obviously violates the very essence of the right to provide legal protection of life, because its effect is the complete abolition of this protection.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">This is in obvious contradiction with </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article <metricconverter productid="38 in" w:st="on">38 in</metricconverter> conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution and the principle <i>in dubio pro vita humana</i></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> recognized in the case law of the Constitutional Tribunal</span></span></span><a href="#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref57"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Even if the regulations required <b>certainty</b> on the part of the doctor in this respect</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">it should be emphasized that the duty of the medical services is to rescue, treat or provide palliative care, and never to kill people in medical facilities</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Thus, it must be stated that Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act are in conflict with Article <metricconverter productid="38 in" w:st="on">38 in</metricconverter> conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution, </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">because they abolish legal protection of the life of a conceived child who is suspected (without certainty) of an incurable illness or a serious and irreversible (but not necessarily life threatening) disability</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">which is not only not justified by the need (or even the possibility) of protecting any of the values indicated in</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"> Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, but also violates the essence of the legal protection of life guaranteed in Article 38 of the Polish Constitution to every man.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">V. </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Assessment of conformity of the reviewed provisions with Article 2 of the</span></span></span></b><b> </b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Polish</span></span></span></b><b> </b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Constitution</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <ol start="50"><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">The protection of human dignity, which is not possible without effective legal protection of his life, is an obligation binding on the Republic of Poland under international treaties, which it undertook to observe</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Also the provisions of Chapter II of the Polish Constitution impose on public authorities the duty to respect and protect human dignity, which is the source of human and civil freedom, and in particular the right to legal protection of life, taking the most important place in the hierarchy of human freedoms and rights</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Violation of these laws by </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">has already been demonstrated above. At this point,</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">it is worth drawing the attention to another provision of the Polish Constitution, which appears in the proposal of the group of deputies initiating proceedings in the present case, though not playing a leading role</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">. What is meant, is Article 2 of the Polish Constitution, according to which “The Republic of Poland shall be a democratic state ruled by law and implementing the principles of social justice.” </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">This provision formulates the supreme systemic principle, referring to the nineteenth-century concept of the state of law (<i>Rechtsstaat</i>), which, however, in history has had its good and bad aspects come into foreground. To, in fact, legitimate postulate of legalism – that the state authorities should act on the basis and within the limits of law – to meet the expectations attached to it, the content of the law must respect universal values.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">This axiological dependence was perfectly captured by the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, which in <metricconverter productid="1997 in" w:st="on">1997 in</metricconverter> a ruling confirming unconstitutionality of provisions legalizing abortion in the case of difficult living conditions or a difficult personal situation of the mother</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">, started the grounds of its ruling with a statement that should </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">be quoted </span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">in extenso</span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">:<i> </i>“The basic attribute of a man is his life. Deprivation of life, therefore, annihilates the man as a subject of rights and obligations. If the core of the principle of the rule of law is a set of basic directives derived from the essence of a democratically made law and guaranteeing a minimum level of justice, then the first such directive must be to respect, in the rule of law, values without which any legal subjectivity is excluded, i.e. human life from the beginning of its creation. A democratic state of law puts the man and the interests most valuable to him as the prime value. One of them is life, which in a democratic state of law must remain under constitutional protection at every stage of its development. The value of a constitutionally protected legal right, which is human life, including life developing in the prenatal phase, cannot be differentiated.”<a href="#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftnref58"><sup><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><span style="color:black">[58]</span></span></span></sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">In this ruling – probably the most important in its history – the Constitutional Tribunal perfectly captured the essence of a democratic state of law. A democratic state of law is one in which one cannot kill people, especially those innocent and most vulnerable – the unborn and the disabled</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">For these reasons, it is justified that the Constitutional Tribunal unequivocally reiterates and develops its apt findings from over 20 years ago, and states that Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act contradict also Article 2 of the Polish Constitution.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">VI. Summary</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:center; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <ol start="55"><li style="margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">To summarize the arguments presented in this opinion, it must be stated that the admissibility of depriving of life an unborn child who is highly likely to suffer from diseases or disabilities are inconsistent with Article 2, Article 30, Article <metricconverter productid="38 in" w:st="on">38 in</metricconverter> conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution and numerous acts of international law. The reviewed legal provisions are very imprecise and do not take into consideration the current advancement of medical knowledge. Above all, however, they offend the human dignity of unborn children by depriving them of their legal guarantee of protection of life. In connection with this, we, the undersigned, present the following opinion:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol><p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Article 4a paragraph 1 subparagraph 2 and Article 4a paragraph 2 first sentence of the Abortion Act are  inconsistent with Article 2, Article 30, Article <metricconverter productid="38 in" w:st="on">38 in</metricconverter> conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3 of the Polish Constitution.</span></span></span></u></b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:24.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif">Authors: dr Marcin Olszówka, Bartosz Zalewski</span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></p> <div> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"> </p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--body--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-zdjecie2--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--field-zdjecie2.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--field-zdjecie2.html.twig * field--image.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--field-zdjecie2--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * image-formatter--node--analiza-prawna--field-zdjecie2.html.twig x image-formatter.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/artykul_full/public/default_images/zaslepka_0.png?itok=_FoH7507" width="250" height="125" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--field-zdjecie2--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-kategoria--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--field-kategoria.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--field-kategoria--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <a href="/en/life-protection">Life protection</a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/analyses_block/field--node--field-kategoria--analiza-prawna.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-tagi--analiza-prawna.html.twig x field--node--field-tagi.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--field-tagi.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <hr> <ul class="tags_list"> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ochrona-zycia-0" hreflang="pl">ochrona życia</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/amicus-curiae" hreflang="pl">amicus curiae</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/ordo-iuris" hreflang="pl">Ordo Iuris</a></li> <li class="label label-ordo2"><a href="/aborcja" hreflang="pl">aborcja</a></li> </ul> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/ordoiuris/templates/page_node/field--node--field-tagi.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-przypisy--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--node--field-przypisy.html.twig * field--node--analiza-prawna.html.twig * field--field-przypisy.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div><div> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Journal of Laws from 1993 No. 17, item 78 as amended.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Cf. J. Maritain, <i>Introduction, </i>[in:] <i>Human Rights. Comments and interpretations, </i><place w:st="on"><city w:st="on">Paris</city></place> 1948, p. V et seq.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> R.P. George, A. Gómez-Lobo, <i>The Moral Status of Human Embryo, </i>«Perspectives in Biology and Medicine» 48/2 (2005), pp. 201-202.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">UNTS vol. 1577, <place w:st="on"><state w:st="on">New York</state></place> 1999, No. 27531 (1990), pp. 3-178; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Journal of Laws from 1991 No. 120, item 526 as amended.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn5"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> UNTS vol. 1155, <place w:st="on"><state w:st="on">New York</state></place> 1987, No. 18232 (1980), p. 331-512; Journal of Laws from 1990 No. 74, item 439.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn6"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Cf. S. Yoshihara, <i>Human Rights and the Unborn Child by Rita Joseph </i>[review], «The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly» Autumn 2011, p. 600.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn7"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> E. Verhellen, <i>The Convention on the Rights of the Child. Reflections from a historical, social policy and educational perspective,</i> [in:] <i>Routledge International Handbook of Children’s Rights Studies</i>, [eds.] W. Vandenhole , E. Desmet , D. Reynaert , S. Lembrechts, London 2015, pp. 50-51.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn8"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ibid., pp.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> 45-46.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn9"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> P.A. Tozzi, <i>Sovereignties: Evaluating Claims for a ‘Right to Abortion’ under International Law, Protection of Human Life in Its Early Stage. Intellectual Foundations and Legal Means, </i>[ed.] A. Stępkowski, Frankfurt am Main 2014, p. 59.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn10"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn11"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> The Declaration was adopted as a Resolution 217/III A of the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948 – original text of the Declaration is available at: http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ (accessed: 16 July 2018).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn12"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> R. Joseph, <i>Human Rights and the Unborn Child, </i>Leiden-Boston 2009, p. 63.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn13"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> A.J. Lien, <i>A Fragment of Thoughts concerning the Nature and the Fulfillment of Human Rights, </i>[in:]<i> Human Rights. Comments and interpretations, </i><place w:st="on"><city w:st="on">Paris</city></place> 1948, p. 11.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn14"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Cf. comments on mismatch of this differentiation by A. Stępkowski: <i>The Necessity for a Holistic Approach to Protecting Human Life, </i>[in:] <i>Protection of Human Life in Its Early Stage. Intellectual Foundations and Legal Means, </i>[ed.] A. Stępkowski, Frankfurt am Main 2014, p. 97 et seq.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn15"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> U. Soirila, <i>Persons and Things in International Law and “Law of Humanity”, </i>«German Law Journal» 18/5 (2017), p. 1164.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn16"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn16"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">UNTS vol. 999, <place w:st="on"><state w:st="on">New York</state></place> 1983, No. 14668 (1976), p. 171-348; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Journal of Laws from 1977 r. No. 38, item 167. </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn17"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="color:#161616">ETS No.005;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Journal of Laws from 1993 r. No. 61, item 284 as amended. </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn18"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn18"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> R. Joseph, <i>op. cit.,</i> p. 63. </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn19"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn19"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> UNTS vol. 2515, New York 2011, No. 44910 (2008), p. 3-193; Journal of Laws from 2012 r., item 1169.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn20"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn20"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Publication pending in UNTS No. A-44910 – available at: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/No%20Volume/44910/A-44910-Poland-08000002804a471f.pdf (accessed: 16 July 2018). </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn21"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn21"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> J.M. Serrano Ruiz-Calder</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE">ό</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">n<i>, Eugenics as a Human Right, </i>[in:] <i>Protection of Human Life in Its Early Stage. Intellectual Foundations and Legal Means, </i>[ed.] A. Stępkowski, Frankfurt am Main 2014, p. 72.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn22"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn22"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Comments on the draft General Comment No. 36 of the Human Rights Committee on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CCPR/GCArticle6/CRPD.docx (accessed: 19 June 2018).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn23"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn23"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Committee on the Rights of the Child: General Comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (Article 24), 2013, CRC/C/GC/15, http://www.refworld.org/docid/51ef9e134.html (accessed: 19 June 2018). See in particular § 31, 54, 70. Cf. also: J. Adolphe, <i>“New Rights” in Public International Family Law? What International Law Actually Says, </i>«Ave Maria Law Review» 10/1 (2011), p. 149 et seq.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn24"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn24"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">UNTS vol. 1249, <place w:st="on"><state w:st="on">New York</state></place> 1990, No. 20378 (1979), p. 13-142; Journal of Laws from 1982 r. No. 10, item 71. </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn25"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn25"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> As the St. Pope John Paul II emphasized in his </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN">speech delivered on 5 October 1995 at the forum of the General Assembly of the United Nations</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">: “During my previous Visit to the United Nations on 2 October 1979, I noted that the quest for freedom in our time has its basis in those universal rights which human beings enjoy by the very fact of their humanity. It was precisely outrages against human dignity which led the United Nations Organization to formulate, barely three years after its establishment, that Universal Declaration of Human Rights which remains one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time” – see http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/1995/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_05101995_address-to-uno.html (accessed: 12 June 2018).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn26"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn26"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Cf. M. Butrymowicz, <i>Human Dignity in Law – A Case Study of the Polish Legal System, </i>« The Person and the Challenges» 6/2 (2016), p. 87 et seq.; O. Schachter, <i>Human Dignity as a Normative Concept, </i>«The American Journal of International Law» 77 (1983), p. 848 et seq.; J. Adolphe, <i>The Legal Anthropology…, </i>p. 18-19; M. Lebech, <i>On the Problem of Human Dignity: A Hermeneutical and Phenomenological</i> <i>Investigation, </i>Würzburg 2009, p. 112 et seq.; A. Barak, <i>Human Dignity. The Constitutional Value and the Constitutional Right, </i>Cambridge 2015, p. 34 et seq.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn27"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn27"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Cf. J. Maritain, <i>The Rights of Man…, p.</i> 5-6.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn28"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn28"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="FR"> J. Gaudemt, <i>Des ‘droits de l’homme’ ont-ils été reconnus dans l’Empire romain?,</i> «Labeo» 33 (1987), p. 8.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn29"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn29"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"> M. Butrymowicz, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 92.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn30"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn30"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 27 January 2004, K 14/03, OTK ZU 2004/1A/1.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn31"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn31"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> OJ L 213, vol. 41, 30 July 1998, p. 13.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn32"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn32"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">See</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 18 October 2011. Oliver Brüstle v. Greenpeace eV., case C-34/10, par. 32-35.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn33"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn33"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ibid., </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">par. 36.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn34"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn34"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> ECHR 2004/16 Case of Vo v. <place w:st="on"><country-region w:st="on">France</country-region></place>, 8 July 2004, No. 53924/00 (Grand Chamber), par. 84.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn35"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn35"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Dissenting opinion of judge G. Ress to ECHR 2004/16 Case of Vo v. <place w:st="on"><country-region w:st="on">France</country-region></place>, 8 July 2004, No. 53924/00 (Grand Chamber), par. 4.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn36"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn36"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"> <i>Ibidem, </i>par. 9.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn37"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn37"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Dissenting opinion of judge A. Mularoni joined by judge V. Strážnická, to ECHR 2004/16 Case of Vo v. <place w:st="on"><country-region w:st="on">France</country-region></place>, 8 July 2004, No. 53924/00 (Grand Chamber).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn38"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn38"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="background:white" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">Council of <place w:st="on">Europe</place>, Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1046 (1986) on the use of human embryos and fetuses for diagnostic, therapeutic, scientific, industrial and commercial purposes </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">(http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=15080&amp;lang=en, accessed: 11 June 2018).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn39"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn39"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 28 May 1997, ref. no. K 26/96, OTK 1997/2/19.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn40"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn40"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> J. Maritain, <i>The Rights of Man and Natural Law, </i><place w:st="on"><city w:st="on">London</city></place> 1944, p. 44 and 60.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn41"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn41"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 28 May 1997, ref. no. K 26/96, OTK 1997/2/19. <i>See</i> also: L. Bosek, [in:] <i>Medical Law: Cases and Commentaries, </i>[ed.] M. Safjan, Warsaw 2012, p. 44.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn42"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn42"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Also P.A. Tozzi seems to emphasize t</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN">he meaning of the quoted fragment of the ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">: <i>op. cit., p.</i> 63.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn43"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn43"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"> L. Bosek, <i>op. cit., p.</i> 45.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn44"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn44"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Judgment of the Supreme Court of 26 November 2014, III CSK 307/13, OSNC 2015/12/147.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn45"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn45"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Judgment of the Supreme Court of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">30 N</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">ovember</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> 2016, <street w:st="on"><address w:st="on">III PK</address></street> 17/16.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn46"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn46"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Decision of the </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Supreme Court of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">30 October 2008, I KZP 13/08, OSNKW 2008/11/90/37.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn47"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn47"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Resolution of the Supreme Court of 26 October 2006, I KZP 18/06, OSNKW 2006/11/97/1.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn48"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn48"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> R.G. Wilkins, J. Reynolds, <i>International Law and the Right to Life, </i>«Ave Maria Law Review» 4/1 (2006), p. 124-125.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn49"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn49"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">See</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> A/3764 § 118. Report of the Third Committee to the 12th Session of the General Assembly, 5 December 1957 [Article 6 para. 4 mentioned in the text is currently Article 6 para. 5 – author’s note], </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><a href="http://uvallsc.s3.amazonaws.com/travaux/s3fs-public/A-3764.pdf?null" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline">http://uvallsc.s3.amazonaws.com/travaux/s3fs-public/A-3764.pdf?null</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">, (accessed: 4 June 2018); see A/2929, Chapter VI, §10, Report of the Secretary-General to the 10th Session of the General Assembly, 1 July 1955, </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><a href="http://uvallsc.s3.amazonaws.com/travaux/s3fs-public/A-2929_0.pdf?null" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline">http://uvallsc.s3.amazonaws.com/travaux/s3fs-public/A-2929_0.pdf?null</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">, (accessed: 6 June 2018).</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn50"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn50"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Cf. also Adolphe, <i>The Legal Anthropology of Human Rights, </i>[in:] <i>Protection of Human Life in Its Early Stage. Intellectual Foundations and Legal Means, </i>[red.] </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE">A. Stępkowski, Frankfurt am Main 2014, p. 22.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn51"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn51"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> Resolution 1763 of </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN">the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of 7 October 2010</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US"> http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17909&amp;lang=en (accessed: 6 June 2018)</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn52"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn52"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 30 October 2001, ref. no. K 33/00, OTK 2001/7/217.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn53"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn53"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">See </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">O. Pankiewicz, <i>An Essay About the Values Justifying Eugenic Abortion as Confronted Edith the Constitution ad the Real World, Protection of Human Life in Its Early Stage. Intellectual Foundations and Legal Means, </i>[ed.] </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE">A. Stępkowski, Frankfurt am Main 2014, p. 181.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn54"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn54"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"> P. Sarnecki, Articlecommentary on Article 38 of Constitution, [in:] L. Garlicki, M. Zubik (eds.), <i>Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz</i>, vol. II, Warsaw 2016, note 7.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn55"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn55"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">30 September 2008 r., K 44/07.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn56"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn56"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"> <i>Ibidem</i>.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn57"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="tab-stops:418.4pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn57"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 27 January 2004, K 14/03, OTK ZU 2004/1A/1.                  </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn58"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"><a href="#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="color:navy; text-decoration:underline" title="" id="_ftn58"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt" xml:lang="X-NONE"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif" xml:lang="EN-US">Ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal of 28 May 1997, ref. no. K 26/96, OTK 1997/2/19. See also: L. Bosek, [in:] <i>Medical Law: Cases and Commentaries, </i>[ed.] M. Safjan, Warsaw 2012, p. 44.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/stable/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 10 Sep 2018 13:19:51 +0000 filip.bator 887 at https://en.ordoiuris.pl